When it comes to inflation, the financial crisis may be the first thing that comes to mind. Many major financial crises in history were caused by excessive inflation, and many of them were caused by war. For example, the "inflation" recorded in history textbooks during the Republic of China-the government of the Republic of China issued a large number of French currency notes to pay for the huge war expenses. In 1947, 100,000 yuan of French currency notes were issued, and the price was like a runaway horse. At that time, a professor’s salary was more than 10 million yuan, but it was not enough to buy five loaves of flour.

War consumes not only life, but also money. As early as the Northern Song Dynasty, Cai Jing, the financial minister, made a great deal of money in order to attack Xixia, and his means was to issue "pawn money".

Minister of the Northern Song Dynasty, the successor of Xining Reform

Cai Jing was a powerful minister at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, and Song Huizong was the prime minister for five times, which experienced the whole process of the Northern Song Dynasty’s demise. Cai Jing is also a notorious treacherous court official in the history of China, and his life is recorded in the Biography of Treacherous Court Officials in Song Dynasty.

Cai Jing’s official career is full of ups and downs, and his official career cannot be separated from one person-Wang Anshi. In the second year of Xining in Song Shenzong (AD 1069), Wang Anshi began to carry out political reform, which was called Xining Political Reform in history. The aim of Wang Anshi’s political reform was to enrich Qiang Bing, which was soon realized, and the court obtained enough military materials and troops. Cai Jing’s younger brother Cai Bian is Wang Anshi’s son-in-law. During the reign of Xining, recommended by Wang Anshi, Cai Jing entered the book ceremony room to study official business. Thanks to Wang Anshi’s support, Cai Jing’s official career prospered and soared all the way. Soon, the official arrived at Zhongshu Sheren, Longtuge, and the right to know Kaifeng.

In the fourth year of Yuanfeng (AD 1081), Song Shenzong launched a large-scale war against Xixia, and Song Jun suffered a crushing defeat. Song Shenzong’s dream of making great achievements in the world was shattered, and he soon died of depression.

In the eighth year of Yuanfeng (AD 1085), Song Shenzong died, Song Zhezong ascended the throne, and the power was in the hands of Song Shenzong’s mother, Gao. Sima Guang was appointed as the prime minister and started the reform movement of Yuanyou, completely denying Wang Anshi’s political reform.

Cai Jing, as a member of Xining Party, was banished from the imperial court and became an official at the local level during the period of Yuan Yougeng. After Song Huizong took office, Xi Ning Party members were employed. At this time, Wang Anshi had already passed away, and Cai Jing became the prime minister as the successor of Xi Ning’s political reform, thus restarting the great cause of political reform.

Ten dollars in business, money law is in chaos.

In the first year of Chongning (A.D. 1102), when Cai Jing was just appointed as the vice minister, he immediately ordered the new laws of the Song Shenzong period to be re-implemented. At this time, there was a Xining Party member named Xu Tianqi, who served as a transshipment agreement in Shaanxi at that time. In order to cater to Cai Jing, he asked the court to cast ten yuan. During Wang Anshi’s political reform, he used to cast a lot of money to fold two dollars. At this time, if you cast ten dollars, the nominal value will increase by five times compared with the discount of two dollars. The intention of infringing on the interests of the people is too obvious. Cai Jing has some concerns, so he temporarily cast five dollars and tried to see its effect. In May of the second year of Chongning (AD 1103), Cai Jing ordered Shaanxi, Jiangzhou, Chizhou, Raozhou and Jianzhou to use the copper materials that were prepared to cast small flat coins in those years to cast 50 yuan. The inscription "Sheng Song Tong Bao" with a discount of five yuan is slightly heavier than that of Xiao Ping Qian. The nominal value of 50% off is two and a half times that of 20% off. The trial was successful and there was no problem. Soon after, Cai Jing ordered the casting of ten yuan in accordance with Shaanxi’s big money shape, and limited the casting line to three hundred million articles of ten copper coins and two billion articles of ten iron coins in that year. Cai Jing did this because, first, he thought that the ten-fold money was cast on the basis that the five-fold money had entered the circulation, which was only twice as big as the five-fold money and would not cause a violent market reaction; Second, it is estimated that the total amount of coins in circulation at that time was about 200 billion to 300 billion, and the amount of ten yuan in the first line accounted for a small share of the total amount of coins in circulation, which would not have much impact on the purchasing power of money; Third, there is a precedent in Song Renzong’s period to consider the discount of 10 yuan, which can refer to the ancestral casting.

As early as the first year of Kangding, Song Renzong (AD 1040), Song Jun attacked Xixia, and Shaanxi was short of military supplies, so the imperial court was invited to cast large copper coins in parallel with small flat coins, and one copper coin was used as ten. Since then, ten iron coins have been made, which led to the theft of casting by the people, so the money law was in chaos. After frequent adjustments to the money law, the court gradually calmed down the chaos of the money law. Cai Jing used the shape of Shaanxi’s big money to cast it as ten money, in order to borrow the ancestral system and obtain the legitimacy of currency reform.

Discount five yuan for the inscription "Sheng Song Tong Bao" and ten yuan for the inscription "Chong Ning Chong Bao". From the unearthed cultural relics, the number of "Shengsong Tongbao" with a discount of five yuan is very small, because the casting line soon changed to "Chongning Chongbao" with a discount of ten yuan. At that time, more casting was "Chongning Heavy Treasure".

In the Northern Song Dynasty, the word "fold" was often used to express the amount of virtual money. During the period of Song Huizong, the pawn money was originally called "ten-fold money". In October of the second year of Chongning (AD 1103), Song Huizong ordered that "ten-fold money" be renamed as "ten-fold money". The end of the Chronicle of the Emperor and Song Dynasty as a Mirror contains: "The imperial edict is changed into two, and the ten is combined as two and ten." Lu You’s "Old Story of the Family" also contains: "At the beginning, Xi Ning cast two yuan, so Chongning Daquan began to be called’ 10′, but the group castrated that Huizong was the tenth son of Shenzong, and’ 10′ was not a good name, so it was called as 10, so it was ordered to cloud." It can be seen that Song Huizong should call the money "10% off" in the early years; After the imperial edict of Chongning for two years, the money should be called "pawn ten money". However, there are many confusions in the literature records.

After the imperial court minted ten yuan, the people stole it and the money law was in chaos. In order to prohibit the people from stealing castings, the court issued several bans. However, the lure of huge profits still makes the phenomenon of casting theft very serious, and many people do not hesitate to try their own laws. In the fourth year of Chongning (A.D. 1105), Shangshu said: "I heard that the southeast roads were stolen and cast as ten dollars, and the boat was cast in the rivers and seas. When I was an official, I didn’t care about my heart, and I indulged in evil." People steal ten coins, melt small money into copper, and cast it into big money, so they can get several times of profits. In order to avoid the arrest of the government, this illegal activity has developed to ships on rivers and seas.

Fang La Uprising, United with Jin and destroyed Liao, finally became a swan song.

A small sum of money has helped the people for a long time, and the ancient people have prospered the army, but the tin reward has not continued, or one is a hundred, or one is a thousand. This right is appropriate at the right time. How can it be done on a peaceful day? When ten drums are cast, there are several times of interest. Although it is cut every day, it is unstoppable.

In the third year of Daguan (A.D. 1109), Taiwan remonstrators spoke in succession about Cai Jing’s sins. Therefore, Cai Jing lost his post as prime minister for the second time and presided over the compilation of A Record of Zhe Zong. However, three years later, Cai Jing was in power again.

In May of the second year of Zhenghe (AD 1112), Cai Jing was appointed as Prime Minister for the third time. Unexpectedly, in November of the following year, He Zhizhong became the left servant of Shangshu, and also served as the assistant minister and became the prime minister. Song Huizong made Cai Jing a prince, a surname, and a duke of Lu. Cai Jing lost his post as prime minister for the third time.

In April of the sixth year of Zhenghe (AD 1116), He Zhizhong became an official. Lin Lingsu, a Taoist priest, told Song Huizong that Song Huizong was the eldest son of God, the king of God’s clouds and jade, and came down to be emperor. Cai Jing, an immortal of Zuo Yuan, came down to assist Song Huizong in governing the world. Song Huizong was convinced of this, claiming to be the "leader of Daojun Emperor" and ordering Cai Jing to take charge of the affairs of Zhongshu, Menxia and Shangshu provinces.

This is Cai Jing’s fourth term as prime minister. In June of the second year of Xuanhe (AD 1120), Cai Jing was removed from the post of prime minister for the fourth time.

At this point, Cai Jing is seventy-four years old. Cai Jing was removed from the post of Prime Minister this time, nominally because of his old age, but actually because of his opposition to the Northern Expedition of Liao. The person who succeeded the post of prime minister, whose name was Wang Fu, was a troublemaker. Wang Fu served as prime minister for four years, and the Northern Song Dynasty was constantly in trouble. First, Fang La uprising, and then United Jin to destroy Liao.

Although Cai Jing has resigned, his policy of collecting money has gradually produced serious consequences. According to Cai Jing’s policy of accumulating wealth, officials at all levels plundered the people’s wealth, and the people couldn’t live any longer, raising flags in succession to rebel.

Fang La raised his arms and responded everywhere, and many private tea dealers and salt dealers defected to Fang La. Within a few days, the rebel army grew to one hundred thousand people. With troops, Fang La began to attack the city, and the insurgents were invincible, robbing rich rooms and killing officials everywhere. In December, the rebels occupied Muzhou (now Chun ‘an County, Zhejiang Province) and Shezhou (now Shexian County, Anhui Province), and conquered Hangzhou, the southeast town of the Northern Song Dynasty. At this point, the number of the uprising people is close to one million, and the four sides are shocked.

In order to whitewash the peace, Prime Minister Wang Fu concealed the truth. In the imperial history, Chen Guoting believed that Wang Nai’s concealment of military intelligence was the main reason for the spread of the uprising. In his recital to Song Huizong, he said: "To Cai Jing, the man who was the coach, and Wang Fu, the man who raised the coach, if these two men are taken down for questioning, then the coach will be even."

When Song Huizong heard the news, he immediately wrote a letter to himself, ordered the abolition of Hua Shigang, cancelled the artificial bureau, exempted the public and private debts in the uprising area, and refused to accept land tax for three years.

The Fang La Uprising was brutally suppressed, and the court spent a lot of money. The financial situation of the Northern Song Dynasty was even more tense, and the life of the people was even more difficult.

In the first year of Zhenghe (AD 1111), Tong Guan went to Liao. There was a Han official named Ma Zhi in Liao country who was dissatisfied with Liao dynasty. When Ma Zhi met Tong Guan, he presented Tong Guan with the plan of uniting the gold to destroy Liao. In the fifth year of Zhenghe (AD 1115), Ma Zhi fled to the Song Dynasty, met Song Huizong, and once again put forward the idea of uniting Jin to destroy Liao.

At this time, the state of Jin became stronger and stronger, while the state of Liao gradually declined. Liao country is no longer a concern, but Jin country has become the main threat of Song Dynasty. Therefore, many scholars in the Northern Song Dynasty opposed the alliance of Jin and Liao. However, sixteen prefectures was in the hands of Liao State, which made the northern border of Song Dynasty have no danger to defend. Recovering sixteen prefectures is the greatest wish of the Song Dynasty for a long time. At this time, the decline of Liao’s national strength seemed to be the best time for the Northern Song Dynasty to recover sixteen prefectures. Faced with such a huge temptation, Song Huizong couldn’t resist, and finally accepted Ma Zhi’s idea of destroying Liao with gold, and gave Ma Zhi the royal Zhao surname. Ma Zhi was renamed Zhao Liangsi.

In the first month of the fifth year of Zhenghe (AD 1115), Akuta proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of Daikin. In September, Jin Jun captured Huanglongfu (now Nong ‘an County, Jilin Province), a military town in Liao, and Emperor Tianzuo of Liao led 700,000 troops to counterattack Huanglongfu. As a result, the Liao army was defeated.

In March of the second year of Xuanhe (A.D. 1120), Zhao Liangsi met Akuta from Dengzhou (now Penglai City, Shandong Province), and the two sides reached an agreement: Jin Jun attacked Liaozhongjing (now Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region), and Song Jun attacked Liaoning Nanjing, also known as Yanjing (now Beijing); After Song Jun captured Yanjing, Yanjing and the prefectures under its control belonged to the Song Dynasty, which transferred 500,000 pieces of silver silk originally given to the Liao Dynasty to the rulers. This agreement is known in history as "Song, Jin, Xuan and Maritime Alliance". With the Covenant, 8 Jin Army began to attack Liao without any worries, while Song Jun was transferred to suppress the Fang La uprising.

In the first month of the fourth year of Xuanhe (AD 1122), 8 Jin Army broke through Liaozhongjing; In March, the Jin army attacked western Liaoning. At this point, Liao Wujing has lost four, and only Yanjing exists. Emperor Tianzuo of Liao fled to Jiashan (now Wuchuan County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region), and Jin Jun concentrated his forces on pursuit, so he had no time to take care of Yanjing. At this point, Tong Guan has wiped out the Fang La uprising. Therefore, Song Huizong appointed Tong Guan as the Xuanfu envoy of Hebei and Hedong, and Cai You, the eldest son of Cai Jing, as the deputy envoy, and became the general commander of Zhongshi Daodu, leading an army of 150,000, attacking Yanjing and launching the Battle of Yanshan.

The national strength was weak, the Chaogang was corrupted, and the war broke out again, and another eunuch of Song Huizong, Li Yan, caused a great disaster to Song Huizong. Li Yan checked the fields in the northwest, confiscated more than 34,300 hectares of land of the people, and killed more than 1,000 people with sticks, resulting in countless bankrupts. As a result, people in JD.COM and Hebei rebelled, making it more difficult for the court to stabilize the situation.

Cai Jing has lost his position as prime minister because of his opposition to uniting Jin to destroy Liao. There was a covenant between Song and Liao, which lasted for a hundred years. At this time, the war ends together, and the future was unpredictable. Cai You, the son, went to fight against Liao, and Cai Jing was sad and gave a poem to his son:

The lazy man is not free in body and mind, and the letter is sent with tears.

A hundred years of faith and oath should be deeply read, and the three-volt sign should be combined with less rest.

Seeing the standard like yesterday’s dream, I feel deeply worried.

It’s full of breeze in the clothing hall, and I’ll come back early and get drunk.

With the ups and downs of Cai Jing’s official career, the amount of pawn money in circulation is also increasing, and inflation is intensifying. The price of rice has risen to about 400 to 1,500 per stone, which is about three to five times higher than the price of 100 to 300 per stone in the early Northern Song Dynasty. The price of silk rose to about 2,000 Wen per horse, which was about twice as high as that of about 1,000 Wen per horse in the early Northern Song Dynasty. Serious inflation has made people’s lives increasingly difficult, and the voice of opposition to Cai Jing in the DPRK is growing. When the nomads from the army attacked Taiyuan and nearly forced the capital, and Song Huizong gave Song Qinzong a Zen position, Taixue invited the imperial court to kill Cai Jing to thank the world.

After Song Qinzong ascended the throne, he demoted Cai Jing once and then, and a few months later he demoted Cai Jing to Hainan Island for resettlement. However, Cai Jing failed to reach Hainan Island and fell ill and died halfway to Changsha. A few months after Cai Jing’s death, the nomads from the army invaded Kaifeng and took Song Huizong and Song Qinzong to the north. As a result, the Northern Song Dynasty perished, and the circulation of ten coins finally came to an end.

(This article is excerpted from "Taking Wealth from the People: Eight Great Ministers in the History of China")

By Shi Junzhi

Seize the wealth from the people

CITIC Publishing House published in September.

About the author: Shi Junzhi, Ph.D. in History from Beijing Normal University, J.D. from China Renmin University, Ph.D. in Economics from Tsinghua University, and a scholar in the history of monetary law in China. Researcher, Institute of Finance, China Academy of Social Sciences, General Manager of National Trust Company Limited.

He has held senior management positions in the International Business Department of China Bank Head Office, China Bank London Branch, China Merchants Bank Head Office, Orient Asset Management Company and Bohai Bank Head Office, and has 25 years of financial practice and management experience. He is the executive director of China Institute of International Finance, tutor and part-time professor for master students of Central University of Finance and Economics, tutor and part-time professor for master students of graduate department of China People’s Bank, tutor and part-time professor for master students of Hunan University Law School, and member of the editorial board of Translation of Financial Works of China Financial Publishing House.

　

　　Xinhua News Agency, Wuhan, March 30th (Reporter Zhao Jiantong, Liao Jun, Xiong Qi) When it comes to the football super league, what most fans can think of is "Premier League", "Portuguese Super League" or "Super League". However, last Sunday, a primary school in Wuhan started a "Wan Chao" league with 28 teams. Ten rounds of matches will be held every week until the end of the semester.

　　Wansongyuan Road Primary School has a long history of developing campus football, and has trained athletes such as Tu Shengqiao, Hao Junmin and Hanlin Yao. In the 2022 China Youth Football League, "Wanxiao" participated in six groups in Wuhan Division and won the championship and runner-up in four groups. Xinhua News Agency reporters found some unique details after attending the opening ceremony of the "Wan Chao" League in the new semester and observing many games, which may provide a glimpse of the school’s many successful experiences in campus football.

　　A 61-page order book

　　After the opening ceremony of the league, the game began. The rapid transition from the ceremony venue to the football field, from the coach leading the students to warm up before the game to the skilled referee, from the ambulances and medical staff prepared on the sidelines to the guzheng performance performed by the middle school students, the orderly and orderly organization and implementation of the professional "Wan Chao" League is impressive.

　　When turning over the 61-page "Wan Chao" League Order Book containing 14 major items, everything seems to have an answer. Among them, the rules, schedules and other provisions have extremely detailed provisions on the division of activities, competition processes and award selection rules, and the professional level is almost comparable to that of professional competitions.

　　"Wan Chao" League also has some special settings. For example, students must have excellent cultural achievements to participate in the competition, talent shows should be interspersed at halftime, scores should be scored on and off the field according to age and formation, and the code of conduct that requires coaches to understand the advanced techniques and tactics of world football should be detailed.

　　Principal Xiong Liping introduced that this year, "Wan Chao" was upgraded from a campus football event to a mass sports compound event in Jianghan District. Six young teams and four adult teams were invited to join the league.

　　Among the four adult teams, there are three teams composed of hospital, bank employees and nearby residents, and one is the school coach team. In the competition system, the teams of Grade 5 and Grade 6 of Wanxiao were grouped into adult groups and will compete with four adult teams. In addition, this arrangement of "playing big with small" also implies the coach team’s deeper thinking about youth football.

　　Coach Deng Shijun said that this competition system is actually to provide a high-intensity competition environment for small players. "Football is not only a technical and tactical issue, but also involves psychological and social aspects. There was a child in the game just now. He was out of balance when confronted with strong confrontation. I think this is also a place where many children need to improve. "

　　Professional coach of Rooted Primary School

　　Deng Shijun, 51, is known as the "father of grass-roots football" in Wu Hanyou. He is the only primary school teacher in China who has obtained the qualification of AFC lecturer and AFC professional football coach, and is also the head of the coaching team for organizing the "Wan Chao" League.

　　According to the data of China Football Association, at present, only over 100 people in China hold professional-level coaching certificates. Although qualified to coach top professional clubs, Deng Shijun resolutely chose to take root in campus football and devoted himself to educating people for nearly 30 years.

　　Deng Shijun (third from right), lecturer of AFC and professional football coach of AFC. The picture is provided by the school.

　　"After playing the game every weekend, all the game materials will be copied back by the coach for analysis. On Monday, the coach will conduct a collective analysis meeting to guide the training content of this week."

　　"In fact, it lies in being serious or not," coach Deng summed up the uniqueness of "Wanxiao" in playing football. "I have always said that we should wait for the flowers to bloom. Only by paying a lot can we bring out the fine products. Make the grassroots solid, 10 years, 20 years, like Yugong Yishan, take your time. "

　　The "Wanxiao" coaching team currently has 10 full-time coaches. Most of these coaches have professional athletes’ experience, and all of them hold AFC C-level and above coaching qualification certificates. Coach Deng introduced that through the government’s purchase of services, the school introduced full-time coaches, which not only solved the work treatment problem of retired players, but also improved the professional level of campus football.

　　Change venues three times a day.

　　Every Sunday from morning till night, there are 28 teams, which are divided into children’s groups, senior and junior groups and adult groups. During the "Wan Chao" League, the school used an eight-person court to the extreme. After a game between senior and adult teams, the coaches quickly cut the whole field into three pieces with fences, and the six teams participating in the five-a-side competition immediately began to warm up. According to a coach, the venue will also be divided into six blocks for the follow-up three-person competition for children.

　　The fence on the site is actually a common "water horse" on the highway. After years of exploration, coaches found that this kind of tied "water horse" is better than ordinary mobile football purse seine — — It is convenient to carry, will not be knocked over or blown down by the wind, and can also bounce the ball to keep the rhythm of the game continuous.

　　Relying on the class form of group rotation and efficient use of the venue, "Wanxiao" meets the needs of more than 1,000 students in the whole school to have a football class once a week and more than 10 teams to carry out "four practices and one game" on an eight-person venue.

　　"Our venue will be repaired in July and August this year, and the venue will be widened." Deng Shijun said that after the venue upgrade, he hoped to make the "Wan Chao" League bigger and stronger.

　　Parents inside and outside the fence

　　Before the opening match of "Wan Chao" League, parents were already standing outside the wall on the street side of the stadium to watch the game, and the trail over 100 meters was crowded.

　　In fact, there are many parents in the crowd near the site within the fence. Zhang Zhihui is the father of a fifth-grade student, Zhang Mulang. He and several teammates’ parents volunteered at the league. These parents and volunteers are divided into different roles, some as photographers to take pictures and record videos for children, some as teaching assistants to help coaches lead the competition, and some on the sidelines to do some equipment and water delivery.

　　Wang Lingjie, the teaching director, said: "Parents have now formed a tacit understanding with the school. They know how to help coaches and teachers make up for their places. This is also a good process for parents to participate in the growth of their children. "

　　Deng Shijun said that with the support of the district government and other sectors of society, students don’t have to pay for "ten thousand small" training and competitions, and they can also receive free football equipment, so the burden on parents is reduced a lot.

　　According to the coaches, with the holding of the "Wan Chao" League, parents who used to take their children to play in off-campus training institutions on weekends now mostly let their children play in school.

　　The work "Angel Mother". Photo courtesy of Jiangsu Cancer Hospital

　　Zhongxin. com, Nanjing, May 11th (Xu Linhua, Xu Shanshan) "I lend my dearest mother to you", "My mother is an angel guarding this city, an angel with light" and "My mother is angels in white with wings" … … On the eve of the International Nurses’ Day on May 12th, the children of nurses sketched their parents’ images in various ways, such as painting, calligraphy, photography and poetry.

　　"I lend my dearest mother to you."

　　Zuo Jingfang of Jiangsu Cancer Hospital (affiliated tumor hospital of Nanjing Medical University) rushed to Huangshi, Hubei Province in 2020 with Jiangsu medical aid team, and served as the head nurse of respiratory department of Huangshi Central Hospital, leading more than 100 nurses in Jiangsu and Huangshi to work in the front line. In April this year, she also participated in supporting nucleic acid collection in Jiangsu Province. Before Nurses’ Day, my son drew a picture with this theme, called "Borrowing Mom".

　　The work "Borrow Mom". Photo courtesy of Jiangsu Cancer Hospital

　　"I am one of the dual-employee families in the hospital. Everyone is busy. My lover often comes home late for surgery, and the children can only be taken care of by the elderly." Zuo Jingfang said. She wants to say "sorry" to her family and children. Because of work reasons, I often can’t take care of my family, so many schools are absent from parent-child activities.

　　"Although this profession is very hard, it has also gained a lot. After the COVID-19 epidemic, more and more people recognized us, and the relationship between doctors and patients became more harmonious. " Zuo Jingfang said.

　　The work "Xiao Bai, Anti-epidemic Record". Photo courtesy of Jiangsu Cancer Hospital

　　"Wait for spring, the epidemic will be over" and "Xiaobai, Anti-epidemic Record"

　　Support Nanjing nucleic acid collection for 13 days in July 2021; In March 2022, he supported the nucleic acid test in Jiangbei New District for 16 days with the Jiangsu Provincial Team; In May, the team leader supported Nanjing nucleic acid collection … … This series of data records the anti-epidemic footprint of Jing Jiang.

　　Jing Jiang is a nurse in charge of the nursing department of Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and the mother of twins. Because he has participated in nucleic acid collection for many times, he has to be the team leader or team leader. Jiang Jing is busier than other team members, leaving little time for the children.

　　"Mom, where have you been?" "Mom went out to fight the virus." "Mom, what do you use to fight the virus?" "Wear white protective clothing, wash your hands frequently and disinfect your whole body." So, Jing Jiang’s son drew a picture like a comic book, called "Xiao Bai, Anti-epidemic"; My daughter’s work is called "When Spring Comes, the epidemic will be over". After the children drew, they couldn’t write many words, so Jing Jiang helped them write on the picture.

　　"I hope dad will help Shanghai win the virus as soon as possible."

　　"I was going to draw a picture of Jiangsu medical team’s anti-epidemic work in Shanghai with my daughter before the nurse’s day, but I can’t go home because the support work is not over yet." Jason Han Han smiled at the other end of the phone and said slightly embarrassedly.

　　As one of the few male nurses in the hospital, Jason has already been "battle-hardened". It has been 12 years since I joined the work in 2010. He said: "There are many young people in our group who haven’t worked for a long time, so I have to set an example. After all, I have more experience than them, and I have to take part in the anti-epidemic for a longer time and be more rigorous."

　　Zhang Jie has two daughters, the older is 6 years old and the younger is only 2 years old. He participated in aiding Shanghai to fight the epidemic, and his wife was studying in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province. Because of the epidemic, both of them could not go home, so they had to entrust their children to their parents. "Want to daughter! I haven’t held my daughter for more than a month, and it must be false to say that I don’t want to! " Jason said that the support work is still going on, and all the players are working hard at the front line. The daughters all said, "I hope my father will help Shanghai win the virus as soon as possible and go home as soon as possible."

　　Nurse’s Day is coming, and Jason has set himself a goal: to become an excellent operating room specialist nurse, and "she is working hard in this direction at present".

　　Reply to Proposal No.1001 of the Fourth Session of the 13th National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference

　　Member Xu Jingkun:

　　Your proposal on spam message management has been received, and our reply is as follows:

　　For a long time, short message service has become an important means of communication because of its popularity, convenience and cheapness, and has played an important role in modern production and life. However, as you said, some units or individuals abuse SMS business for commercial marketing in violation of regulations, which affects the normal life order of the people and infringes on the legitimate rights and interests of telecom users. Your analysis of the difficulties and problems faced by the spam message management work, as well as the relevant measures and suggestions, our department agrees very much and has been carrying out related work.

　　First, the work carried out and the effectiveness of governance

　　(1) Continue to focus on rectification and improve the governance system. Since 2008, our department has organized and carried out special actions for spam message management for many times, and successively issued the Notice on the Work Plan for the Special Action for Spam Message Management, the Notice on Organizing the Special Action for the Clean-up and Rectification of Port-type SMS Group-sending Business, and the Work Plan for the Special Action for Deep Spam Message Management, etc., and gradually established and improved the spam message management system from the aspects of improving the policy system, strengthening administrative supervision, upgrading technical means, unblocking complaint channels, and increasing illegal disposal, and achieved phased results.

　　(two) improve the legal basis, clear legal responsibility. Our department attaches great importance to the construction of relevant legal system. First, the Regulations on the Management of Communication Short Message Service and the Regulations on the Protection of Personal Information of Telecommunications and Internet Users were issued to further standardize the behaviors and safeguard measures of commercial short message sending, and the collection and use of users’ personal information by telecommunications and Internet enterprises. The second is to promote the "Advertising Law" and "E-commerce Law" to stipulate the rules for the governance of junk electronic information, and provide a superior legal basis for various industries to regulate related behaviors. Third, it attaches great importance to the promulgation and implementation of the Civil Code, and has organized the whole industry to seriously study and consciously abide by the relevant provisions of the "Peace Right" for many times, and guided relevant enterprises to regard it as the basic operating principle.

　　(3) Strengthen supervision and law enforcement and compact the main responsibility. Based on the responsibility of industry management, our department grasps the key point of spam management, and continuously urges enterprises to implement the main responsibility through law enforcement accountability. First, insist on issuing the Bulletin on the Management of Spam Information every quarter, inform the whole industry of enterprises with outstanding spam complaints, implement problem list management, urge rectification, and promote a virtuous circle of the mechanism of "discovery, notification and disposal". The second is to comprehensively use the "double random and open" inspection, complaint reporting and other mechanisms to standardize the market order of SMS services. In 2020, a total of 483 enterprises (times) were notified, interviewed and punished, and credit punishment was implemented according to law. The third is to urge basic telecommunications enterprises to strengthen access management. In 2020, 6,861 illegal SMS ports such as "106" will be shut down, and 35 accountability assessments (times) such as informed criticism, KPI deduction and performance deduction will be implemented. Basic telecommunications enterprises will become the normal state of governance.

　　Second, the difficult problems of governance and targeted measures

　　Although the management of spam messages has achieved phased results, as you said, due to the complicated social causes of spam messages, it is difficult to manage them, and problems such as source management, resource management and law enforcement are still outstanding. In this regard, our department has also actively taken a series of targeted measures.

　　(1) Adhere to departmental linkage and promote source governance. In view of the cross-industry, multi-link and difficult traceability of commercial marketing short messages, our department actively promotes the establishment of a collaborative supervision and governance mechanism. First, use departmental linkage to strengthen source governance and enhance the awareness of joint management of all departments. Insist on informing all departments of the clues of spam complaints in the corresponding industries every quarter, and promote them to dispose of the source enterprises. In 2020, a total of 4 batches of 38,000 problem clues were handed over to the General Administration of Market Supervision, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Public Security and other departments, and 61 enterprises with serious problems were seriously dealt with by various departments through special inspections, interviews and education. The second is to use public opinion supervision to promote self-discipline at the source and enhance the willingness of enterprises to abide by the law. Adhere to the quarterly release of the "inventory of spam complaints" to the society, expose industries and typical enterprises with serious spam problems, and give full play to the binding role of public opinion. In 2020, 64 enterprises (times) with serious spam messages such as retail sales promotion and loan financing were exposed.

　　(2) Focus on port specifications and control resource management. In view of the problems related to the access management of short message ports, our department has continuously standardized the resource management and supervised the basic telecommunications enterprises to ensure the communication resources. The first is to compact the responsibility of the basic telecommunications enterprises to access the main body. Organize it to comprehensively investigate the access of SMS ports, improve the ability of pre-audit and in-process prevention, prohibit providing access convenience for subletting ports, and increase the control of illegal sending behaviors in key areas such as commercial marketing. In 2020, there will be 40 short message port enterprises (times) with serious notification, interview and punishment problems and 62 basic telecommunications enterprises (times) providing access for them. The second is regular administrative guidance to promote industry self-discipline. Since the beginning of this year, a quarterly symposium system for spam control has been established, and a symposium on compliance management of port SMS services has been held on a special topic to clarify the requirements of port SMS specifications and guide relevant enterprises to consciously abide by the law.

　　(3) Comprehensive law enforcement supervision to enhance the effectiveness of accountability. In view of the problems of light administrative punishment and low effectiveness, our department comprehensively uses various means to give full play to the binding role of credit management, notification and assessment, and enhance the deterrent effect of supervision. First, make good use of credit management, incorporate the law enforcement results of spam message management into the list of bad business operations and dishonesty in telecommunications business according to law, and publicize it to the public, so as to realize "one place is illegal and limited everywhere" in the industry and strengthen the actual effect of comprehensive management. The second is to make good use of the notification assessment, urge the basic telecommunications enterprises to strengthen internal management, and strengthen the sense of corporate responsibility through accountability.

　　Iii. Answers to your suggestions

　　The measures and suggestions you put forward have important reference value for the follow-up spam control work. I will combine the actual research and adoption, continue to do a good job in spam management, and promote the fundamental solution to the problem of spam messages disturbing the people.

　　(1) Defining the responsibilities and obligations of basic telecommunications enterprises. Our department distinguishes the links of short message access, sending, production and publishing according to law, and defines the legal responsibilities of basic telecom enterprises, short message service providers (short message port enterprises) and short message content providers (merchants) accordingly. First, the basic telecommunications enterprises are responsible for the access of short message ports, and assume the responsibility for the control of access resources according to the principle of "whoever accesses". They must establish and improve relevant management systems and technical means before, during and after the event, provide access services according to laws and regulations, strengthen the management of communication resources, and prevent illegal use. Second, short message port enterprises are responsible for sending related short messages, and assume the responsibility of sending management and port use according to the principle of "whoever sends it". They must establish a short message sending management system and an early warning and monitoring mechanism, and prevent short message content providers from sending commercial short messages in violation of regulations through standardized management, technical means and contractual agreements. Third, short message content providers such as merchants are responsible for the production and release of related short messages, and assume the responsibility of content source management according to the principle of "whoever produces, publishes and is responsible", and should strictly abide by laws and regulations such as the Advertising Law, the Electronic Commerce Law and the Civil Code, as well as the management requirements of this industry.

　　(2) Penalties for sending spam messages on the online shopping platform. Online shopping platform should bear the main management responsibility for the problem of disturbing people by merchants’ marketing short messages. First, some platforms did not fully verify users’ wishes, and "default" registered users agreed to send a large number of marketing short messages directly, especially during the peak marketing periods such as "618" and "double 11", which aggravated the flood of spam messages. Second, some platforms abuse user information to accurately send marketing short messages due to problems such as imperfect rules for collecting and using user information and inadequate management implementation. In this regard, our department has always attached great importance to it. For example, on the eve of "6.18" this year, timely monitoring and early warning were held, and an administrative guidance meeting was held to require e-commerce platform enterprises to standardize the sending behavior of marketing short messages, which attracted the attention of mainstream media, gained wide support from the public, and promoted industry self-discipline. In the follow-up, our department will continue to make comprehensive policies, explore long-term management mechanisms, standardize market order, and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of users.

　　(three) on improving the "Regulations" on the management of communication short message service fine limit. Since its release in 2015, the Regulations on the Management of Communication Short Message Service has played a positive role in regulating spam messages and promoting the healthy development of the market. However, with the great changes in the governance situation, it is necessary to improve the top-level design of the spam governance system, adjust and supplement relevant regulations, and further promote the governance work according to law. Accordingly, our department is revising the "Regulations on the Management of Communication Short Message Service". As a departmental regulation, the amount of the fine is mainly based on the provisions of the Administrative Punishment Law and other superior laws. If there is illegal income, the fine shall not exceed 3 times of the illegal income, but the maximum shall not exceed 30,000 yuan; If there is no illegal income, the fine shall not exceed 10 thousand yuan. If the state adjusts the fine limits stipulated in the Administrative Punishment Law and other superior laws, the Ministry will also adjust the fine limits of relevant regulations according to law.

　　To sum up, our department will continue to practice the people-centered development idea in combination with the new situation and new requirements, adhere to the normalized management of spam messages, and comprehensively use legal, administrative and technical means to establish and improve a long-term mechanism for spam messages, resolutely protect the peaceful life of the people and create a clear information and communication environment.

　　Thank you for your concern and support for the management of spam messages, and welcome to continue to put forward valuable opinions and suggestions on the work of our department.

　　Ministry of Industry and Information Technology

　　August 3, 2021

　

　　At the press conference, the website of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs was photographed by Tang Yuli.

　　

　　This website news in June15sun,The Information Office of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs held a press conference on "Promoting the integration and development of rural industries and boosting rural revitalization". Zong Jinyao, director of the Agricultural Products Processing Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, introduced the integration and development of rural primary, secondary and tertiary industries and answered questions from reporters.,Pan Libing, deputy director of the Agricultural Products Processing Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, attended the conference together.

　　The reporter learned from the press conference that in recent years, the integration and development of rural industries has achieved remarkable results. The agricultural product processing industry is improving steadily,2017The income from the main business of agricultural products processing enterprises exceeded22One trillion yuan, and the ratio of total agricultural output value by2012Annual1.9:1Raise to2.3:1; Leisure agriculture and rural tourism have flourished,2017Receive tourists in28Billion person-times, operating income7400One hundred million yuan; Generate, the vitality of rural entrepreneurship and innovation,2017The cumulative number of dual-creative personnel returning to the countryside in 2008 has reached740Ten thousand people, rural local non-agricultural self-employed.3140Ten thousand people; The integration of rural primary, secondary and tertiary industries has formed a good situation. According to estimates, the integration of rural industries has made the proportion of order-making farmers reach.45%Operating income has increased.67%, the average annual return or distribution profit of farmers reached.300Pluralism.

　　Building a rural industrial integration development system

　　Zong Jinyao pointed out that to promote the revitalization of rural industries, we must take the integration and development of rural primary, secondary and tertiary industries as the fundamental way, the processing industry and leisure tourism as the key industries of integration, and entrepreneurial innovation as the powerful kinetic energy of integration. In recent years, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs has taken a series of measures to promote the integrated development of rural primary, secondary and tertiary industries.

　　The first is to promote policy formulation and implementation. It promoted the promulgation of Guiding Opinions on Promoting the Integration and Development of Rural Primary and Secondary Industries by the General Office of the State Council, Opinions on Supporting the Entrepreneurship and Innovation of Returned Rural Workers to Promote the Integration and Development of Rural Primary and Secondary Industries, and Opinions on Further Promoting the Development of Agricultural Products Processing Industry. At the same time, the National Development and Reform Commission, etc.13Three departments issued the Guiding Opinions on Vigorously Developing Leisure Agriculture, and compiled the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" for the Integrated Development of National Agricultural Products Processing Industry and Rural Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Industries. Four Opinions and one Plan have established a policy system to promote the integration and development of rural primary, secondary and tertiary industries.

　　The second is to increase project support. The central government has arranged pilot funds for the integration and development of the first, second and third industries in recent years.fifty-two100 million yuan to support business entities that let farmers share the value-added benefits of the secondary and tertiary industries to develop the primary and secondary industries; Subsidy policy for primary processing of agricultural products and arrangement of funds.45100 million, subsidies for farmers and cooperatives to build primary processing facilities.twelveMore than ten thousand seats; At the same time, it also coordinated the Agricultural Development Bank and the Agricultural Bank of China to increase credit support for industrial integration entities.

　　The third is to carry out demonstration and guidance. Promoted and promoted208A typical development of agricultural product processing industry,388National demonstration counties (autonomous regions and municipalities) for leisure agriculture and rural tourism,91An important agricultural cultural heritage of China,560A beautiful leisure village in China,2160A scenic spot,670A boutique line, play its leading role and demonstration development.

　　The fourth is to cultivate the subject of integration. Training projects such as new professional farmers’ cultivation project and rural practical talents have more than one training staff every year.100Ten thousand people. Publicity and promotion of outstanding leaders and typical counties in rural entrepreneurial innovation have been carried out, and so far, it has established200Outstanding leaders of rural entrepreneurial innovation and100A typical county. HeldthreeMore than 10,000 contestants participated in the creative competition of rural entrepreneurial innovation projects, and combined with investment institutions to increase the cultivation of integrated subjects.

　　In the next step, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs will promote the integration and development of rural primary, secondary and tertiary industries by implementing policies to guide integration, promoting integration through entrepreneurial innovation, developing industrial support integration, improving mechanisms to promote integration, and strengthening services to promote integration. Strive to achieve2020In, the rural industrial integration development system was initially formed, which provided strong support for the revitalization of rural industries.

　　Implement the promotion action of agricultural product processing industry

　　When answering a question about promoting the development of agricultural products processing industry, Zong Jinyao introduced that this year,1-5The income from the main business of China’s agricultural product processing industry has exceeded in October.fiveTrillion yuan, up from the same period of last year.7%About. Agricultural products processing enterprises above designated sizeeightMore than ten thousand, the proportion of large and medium-sized enterprises reached.16%, the annual sales revenue exceedsoneNearly 100 million enterprises2Wanjia, exceeding100Billion yuan of enterprises.70Home. More than half of the processing enterprises have built the whole industrial chain and value chain by delaying the extension, which has become the leading force for the integrated development of rural industries. Implement the promotion action of agricultural product processing industry to promote the high-quality development of agriculture. Specifically, improve the strength in six aspects:

　　First, promote promotion through coordinated development. It is necessary to co-ordinate the primary processing, intensive processing and the comprehensive utilization and processing of subsequent by-products, and all links should develop in coordination, develop diversified products, increase the added value of products, extend the industrial chain and upgrade the value chain. The second is to promote promotion through park gathering. Guide processing enterprises to concentrate in the park, especially in the "three districts and three parks", grain production functional areas, important agricultural products protection areas and characteristic agricultural products advantage areas, modern agricultural industrial parks, science parks and farmers’ pioneer parks. Support enterprises to delay the extension, develop raw material bases and agricultural products circulation and marketing. The third is to promote promotion through scientific and technological innovation. Highlight the dominant position of enterprise innovation, overcome a number of key common technical problems in industrial development, obtain a number of scientific and technological achievements, and accelerate the transformation and popularization of scientific and technological achievements. Through integrated innovation, we can process nutritious, safe, delicious, healthy, convenient and affordable food. The fourth is to promote promotion through brand creation. It is necessary to support enterprises to improve the quality control ability of the whole process, carry forward the craftsman spirit of Excellence and pursuit of Excellence, and promote the processing industry of agricultural products to increase varieties, improve quality and create brands. The fifth is to promote promotion through green development. It is necessary to develop green processing, guide enterprises to develop low-carbon, low-consumption, recycling and efficient processing, and form a green processing system. To control the quality and safety of food, the processing process should be quality controlled and can withstand traceability. The sixth is to promote promotion through integrated development. Organize and implement the subsidy policy for the integration and development of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries, so that farmers can reasonably share the benefits of the value-added of the secondary and tertiary industries.

　　Zong Jinyao said that through the implementation of the promotion action, we will strive to2020In 2000, the scale of the industry will continue to expand, and the conversion rate of the processing industry will reach68%The main income above designated size has increased annually.6%Above, and the ratio of agricultural products processing by now.2.2：oneRaise to2.4：one. Realize the coordinated development of primary processing, deep processing and comprehensive utilization processing through promotion.

　　Promote the vigorous development of leisure agriculture and rural tourism.

　　Leisure tourism is the key industry of rural industrial integration. In recent years, China’s leisure agriculture and rural tourism have flourished.2017Receive tourists in28Billion person-times, operating income7400100 million yuan, employees1100Ten thousand people, drive750Thousands of farmers have benefited and become the main body of natural rural industrial integration. Pan Libing said that this year the Central CommitteeoneDocument No.1 clearly stated that leisure agriculture and rural tourism quality projects should be implemented. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs conscientiously implemented the central decision-making arrangements and requirements, and put forward the action of upgrading leisure agriculture and rural tourism. The goal is to promote the upgrading of rural tourism product quality, hardware facilities construction, software management services, cultural connotation, environmental sanitation and personnel quality and skills, and truly create a number of excellent leisure agriculture and rural tourism products with excellent ecology, beautiful environment, strong industry, rich farmers and good mechanism. Mainly from five aspects:

　　The first is to promote policy implementation. The existing policies mainly involve land use, finance, taxation and other aspects. Whether the policies are put in place is directly related to the upgrading and development of the industry. Some problems cannot be solved by enterprises, and it is up to the government to create a good policy environment. We should intensify the propaganda and implementation of policies, strengthen supervision, and refine the practical policies, so that policies can truly take root and create a good policy environment for industrial upgrading.

　　The second is to cultivate boutique brands. Improve the system of creating fine brands, and promote the level of industrial standardization and standardization. It is necessary to set up a number of well-known and well-established brands throughout the country. Build a number of national leisure agriculture and rural tourism demonstration counties (autonomous regions and municipalities), beautiful leisure villages and towns, modern leisure parks, modern leisure farms, etc., and build brands throughout the country.

　　The third is to improve public facilities. Integrate related projects, make full use of funds from all sides, transform and upgrade a number of rural roads, parking lots, water and electricity, toilets, sewage and garbage treatment facilities for modern agricultural leisure tourism, and encourage local governments to build supporting facilities to meet the diversified needs of consumers.

　　The fourth is to improve the service level. Organize the training of leisure agriculture and rural tourism personnel, and train the managers and operators of leisure agriculture and rural tourism. Strengthen the education, training and assessment of employees and improve their quality and ability.

　　The fifth is to inherit and carry forward farming culture. It is necessary to combine resource endowment, human history and characteristic industries to deeply explore rural culture, tell natural and human stories well, and further enhance the connotation of leisure agriculture and rural tourism. Actively carry out the excavation, protection and utilization of important agricultural cultural heritage in China. This year, it is necessary to carry out the identification of the fifth batch of important agricultural cultural heritage in China, and carry out the theme exhibition of important agricultural cultural heritage in China, so as to enhance the protection, inheritance, development and utilization of important agricultural cultural heritage.

　　In the early morning of December 14th, Beijing time, the Federal Reserve announced its December interest rate resolution, announcing that it would suspend interest rate hikes this month. Previously, the Federal Reserve has raised interest rates 11 times in this interest rate hike cycle since March 2022. At present, the target range of the US federal funds rate is maintained at 5.25%~5.50%.

　　The Fed suspended interest rate hikes three times in a row.

　　According to the statement released after the meeting, the Fed believes that the current growth rate of economic activities in the United States has slowed down compared with the third quarter. Employment growth in the United States has slowed down since earlier this year. In the past year, inflation in the United States has slowed down, but it is still at a high level.

　　Gao Ruidong, Chief Economist of Everbright Securities:The Federal Reserve’s monetary policy mainly needs to consider the dual goals of promoting employment and stabilizing prices, which is reflected in whether the unemployment rate data and inflation data are close to the normal level. At present, according to the latest data, although the employment data has rebounded beyond expectations, there are seasonal factors and the impact of the recovery of employment after the strike of American auto workers. On the whole, these two key indicators can reflect the tightening policy of the Fed’s continuous interest rate hike, and the effect has appeared.

　　In addition, after the meeting, the Fed’s statement revealed that it believed that the current level of interest rates in the United States had reached or approached the peak, and the Fed began to discuss the timing of interest rate cuts.

　　Experts said that from the current series of data and situation analysis, the Fed’s current interest rate hike process is likely to come to an end. However, the Fed needs to be more cautious about the trend of data including consumption and manufacturing investment in order to continue to judge the current monetary policy. Continued impact.

　　Chief Macroeconomist of Founder Securities Luzhe：The balance between the Fed’s "doing too much" and "doing too little", that is, the balance between controlling inflation and avoiding economic recession, these uncertainties and two-way risks make the current Fed’s monetary policy decision need more patience and prudence, which is also the focus repeatedly emphasized by most Fed officials.

　　Since March last year, the Fed has raised interest rates 11 times in this interest rate hike cycle, ranging from the initial 25 basis points to the later 50 basis points and 75 basis points for four consecutive times. Later, the rate hike gradually slowed down. In June this year, the Fed suspended interest rate hikes once, and resumed interest rate hikes by 25 basis points in July this year. Since then, it has suspended interest rate hikes for three consecutive times. At present, the target range of the US federal funds interest rate has remained at a high level since 2001.

　　A number of data reflect that the US economy continues to cool down.

　　Experts said that from the comprehensive analysis of the performance of a number of US economic data, the current US economy continues to cool down, and the tight monetary policy has brought obvious impacts on the US real economy and financial markets in many aspects.

　　Experts said that at present, the economic growth rate of the United States, which is superimposed with inflation factors, remains at a certain level, but after excluding the influence of inflation factors, the economic growth rate of the United States has slowed down obviously in recent months, which shows that inflation in the United States is still resilient.

　　Zhao Yue, Chief Economist of Hong Kong Fortune Securities:The economic growth data of the United States this year is not as strong as the nominal value in terms of actual value. The gap between the two is the impact of inflation, which reflects that there is still relatively high inflation in the United States at present. When monetary policy was formulated and implemented, it had a transmission process in the economy, which was a gradual upward influence process, depending on how much attention was paid to the impact of monetary policy on the economy.

　　Maintaining the high interest rate level, after a period of sustained action, is gradually changing the current financial environment in the United States, and thus changing the trend of the real economy in the United States. The data shows that in the United States, the bank’s best lending rate has risen from 3.25% to around 8.50% in the near future, more than doubling; This has also affected the financing rate of Moody’s AAA corporate bonds in the United States from 2.63% to about 5.67% in the near future.

　　Judging from the scale of credit, the scale of industrial and commercial loans of American commercial banks has been shrinking since January this year, the year-on-year growth rate of consumer loans has dropped sharply since October last year, and the year-on-year growth rate of real estate loans has dropped sharply since March this year. In addition, the industrial output index of the United States decreased by 0.6% in October, the manufacturing output index decreased by 0.7% in October, and the performance of the supply side weakened significantly; The main real estate market index in the United States has also fallen to near this year’s low.

　　Wen Bin, Chief Economist of China Minsheng Bank:At present, the economic development and financial environment in the United States have changed significantly under the influence of the interest rate hike policy. The upward interest rate will lead to the contraction of credit scale, the decline of investment growth rate and the slowdown of industrial production, which will also curb consumption. In addition, the real estate market is also weak due to the influence of high interest rates. The above situation shows that the American economy is cooling down.

　　CCTV News:Yesterday (7th), the design concept of China’s first domestic aircraft carrier, Shandong Ship Emblem, and the world launch ceremony of related cultural and creative products were held in the Military Museum, from which China’s military cultural and creative efforts took off.

　　The composition of the emblem of Shandong Ship adopts the angle of 45-degree breaking the waves of the aircraft carrier, showing the momentum of Shandong Ship as the first domestic aircraft carrier in China. The August 1st military emblem and the rudder representing navigation are placed at the top, representing the sacred mission and status of the People’s Liberation Army. Compared with the heavy ship emblem, the ship logo shows the mental outlook of the officers and men on board — — The bottom anchor is combined with the aircraft carrier’s sliding deck to hold up the eagle’s wings and show the unique spirit of the aircraft carrier. The design team skillfully combines the traditional elements of China with the naval culture of China.

　　Aren, Designer of Shandong Ship Emblem:We used the peony flower, which is a provincial flower in Shandong, and also used the branches and leaves of peony flower to set off, which made the whole ship emblem more decorative with Chinese flavor and elements of China. We used a lot of design styles that fit the context of the present era to design it.

　　The exhibition also showed the audience related cultural and creative products such as Shandong ship emblem souvenirs, ship hats and assembled models. The large-volume Shandong ship model exhibited this time attracted many viewers to stop and watch. The Shandong ship hat is even more eye-catching, and it tends to be younger and more daily in terms of hat shape and fabric. It attracts audiences of all ages through novel design and feels the patriotic feelings and positive energy brought by aircraft carrier culture.

According to relevant basic data and gross domestic product (GDP) accounting methods, after preliminary accounting, China’s GDP accounting results in the third quarter of 2024 are as follows.

Click Download: Related Data Sheet

Other relevant accounting results can be found in the database of the National Bureau of Statistics.

Attachment:

China GDP Quarterly Accounting Description

1. Overview of quarterly GDP accounting

1.1 Basic concepts

GDP is the final result of the production activities of all permanent units in a country in a certain period of time. GDP is the core index of national economic accounting, and it is also an important index to measure a country’s economic situation and development level.

There are three methods of GDP accounting, namely, production method, income method and expenditure method, which reflect the results of national economic production activities from different angles. Production method is a method to get added value by excluding intermediate goods and services from the value of goods and services created in the production process. The formula for calculating the added value of production method in various industries of national economy is as follows: added value = total output-intermediate input. Add up the added value of production method in various industries of the national economy to get the GDP of production method. The income method is to account for the results of production activities from the perspective of income generated by the production process. According to this calculation method, the added value consists of four parts: workers’ remuneration, net production tax, depreciation of fixed assets and operating surplus. The calculation formula is: added value = remuneration of workers+net production tax+depreciation of fixed assets+operating surplus. The sum of the added value of income method in all industries of the national economy is equal to the gross domestic product of income method. Expenditure method is a method to calculate the gross domestic product from the perspective of the final use of production activities. Final use includes final consumption expenditure, total capital formation and net export of goods and services.

The quarterly GDP released by the National Bureau of Statistics is the result of accounting based on the production method.

1.2 Accounting Scope

1.2.1 Production scope

The production scope of GDP accounting includes the following four parts: first, the production of goods or services provided or prepared by producers to other units; Second, the self-sufficient production of all goods formed by producers for their final consumption or fixed capital; Third, the self-sufficient production of knowledge carrier products by producers for their final consumption or the formation of fixed capital, but it does not include similar activities undertaken by household departments; Fourth, the housing services provided by self-owned houses and the self-sufficient production of family and personal services provided by paid family service personnel. The production scope does not include unpaid family and personal services, natural activities without unit control (such as the natural growth of wild, uncultivated forests, wild fruits or berries, and the natural growth of fish in the high seas).

1.2.2 Main scope of production activities

The main scope of GDP production activities includes all permanent units with economic interest centers within the economic territory of China. The quarterly GDP data in this report is the national data accounted by the National Bureau of Statistics, excluding the regional GDP data of Hongkong, Macao Special Administrative Region and Taiwan Province.

1.3 Accounting Unit

GDP accounting mainly takes corporate units as accounting units. In accounting, corporate units are divided into different industries according to their main activities, and the added value of each industry is calculated separately, and then the added value of each industry is summarized to get GDP.

1.4 Accounting frequency

The accounting frequency is quarterly. From the first quarter of 1992 to the second quarter of 2015, China used the cumulative accounting method to calculate quarterly GDP, that is, the GDP data of the first quarter, the first quarter, the first quarter, the third quarter and the first quarter were calculated respectively, and the initial accounting of GDP in the first quarter and the fourth quarter was the initial accounting of annual GDP. From the third quarter of 2015, the quarterly accounting method was changed, that is, the GDP data of the first quarter, the second quarter, the third quarter and the fourth quarter of each year were calculated respectively, and the accumulated data was obtained by adding the data of the current quarter.

Since the first quarter of 2011, the National Bureau of Statistics has officially released the growth rate of GDP in each quarter.

1.5 Legal basis and system provisions

GDP accounting strictly abides by the provisions of the Statistics Law of the People’s Republic of China. At present, China’s GDP is calculated according to the requirements of China National Economic Accounting System (2016), which adopts the basic accounting principles, contents and methods of the United Nations National Accounts System (2008).

1.6 confidentiality

According to Article 9 of Chapter I of the Statistics Law of the People’s Republic of China, statistical institutions and statisticians shall keep confidential the state secrets, business secrets and personal information they know in their statistical work.

National accountants keep the unpublished professional statistical data and administrative records strictly confidential when conducting GDP accounting, and also keep the current GDP data strictly confidential before the release of GDP accounting data.

1.7 User demand

Domestic users of quarterly GDP data are mainly government departments, research institutions, universities, industry associations, media and the public. In addition, the National Bureau of Statistics regularly provides quarterly GDP data of China to the United Nations, the International Monetary Fund, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the Asian Development Bank and other international organizations.

2. Quarterly GDP accounting method

2.1 classification system

In the quarterly GDP accounting, the industry classification is based on the China national economy industry classification standard and the third industry classification standard, and two classification methods are adopted.

The first classification is the national economic industry classification, which adopts the National Economic Industry Classification (GB/T 4754-2017) promulgated by the National Standards Administration in 2017. Two-level classification is adopted in actual accounting.

The first-level classification is based on the categories in the national economic industry classification, and it is divided into 11 industries, including agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, industry, construction, wholesale and retail, transportation, warehousing and postal services, accommodation and catering, finance, real estate, information transmission, software and information technology services, leasing and business services, and other industries. Among them, the industry includes mining, manufacturing, electricity, heat, gas and water production and supply industries; Other industries include scientific research and technical services, water conservancy, environment and public facilities management, residential services, repairs and other services, education, health and social work, culture, sports and entertainment, public management, social security and social organizations.

On the basis of the first classification, the second classification refines some categories in the national economic industry classification into industry categories.

The second classification is the classification of tertiary industries, which is divided into primary industry, secondary industry and tertiary industry according to the Regulations on the Classification of Tertiary Industries revised by the National Bureau of Statistics in 2018. The primary industry refers to agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery (excluding agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery professional and auxiliary activities); The secondary industry refers to mining industry (excluding mining professional and auxiliary activities), manufacturing industry (excluding metal products, machinery and equipment repair industry), electricity, heat, gas and water production and supply industry, and construction industry; The tertiary industry, namely the service industry, refers to other industries except the primary industry and the secondary industry (excluding international organizations).

2.2 Sources of information

In the quarterly GDP accounting, all available and applicable economic statistical survey data are used for GDP accounting. The data sources mainly include two parts:

First, the national statistical survey data refers to all kinds of statistical data obtained by the statistical survey conducted by the national statistical system, such as the statistical survey data of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, industry, construction, wholesale and retail, accommodation and catering, real estate, service industries above designated size, population and labor wages, price statistics, etc.

Second, the administrative records of the administrative departments, mainly including the relevant data of the Ministry of Finance, the People’s Bank of China, the State Administration of Taxation, the CSRC and other administrative departments, such as the local and foreign currency credit receipts and payments of financial institutions of the People’s Bank of China and the tax information of the State Administration of Taxation by industry.

2.3 accounting methods

2.3.1 Accounting method of current value-added

According to the data sources, the quarterly current price value-added accounting mainly adopts the value-added rate method, the related value quantity index deduction algorithm and the current price calculation by using constant prices.

2.3.1.1 correlation value quantity index speed calculation algorithm

The speed calculation algorithm of related value index is to calculate the growth rate of current price added value by using the current price growth rate of related value index, and then multiply the current price added value by the calculated growth rate of current price added value in the same period of last year. The calculation formula is as follows:

Current value added = current value added in the same period of last year × (1+current value added growth rate)

Among them, the growth rate of current price added value is determined according to the growth rate of current price of relevant value indicators and the quantitative relationship between the growth rate of current price added value in previous years and the growth rate of current price of relevant value indicators.

2.3.1.2’s method of calculating current price by constant price

Firstly, the added value of constant price in this period is obtained by extrapolating the volume index, and then the added value of current price is calculated according to the relevant price index. The calculation formula is:

Current price added value = constant price added value × price index

2.3.2 Accounting method of constant price added value

Constant price added value is to convert the added value calculated at current price into the value calculated at a fixed period (base period), so as to eliminate the influence of price change factors and make the values in different periods comparable. The added value of constant price is calculated by the fixed base period method. At present, the base period is changed every five years, and the base period of constant price added value from 2021 to 2025 is 2020.

Quarterly constant price added value accounting mainly adopts price index reduction method and related volume index extrapolation method.

2.3.2.1 price index reduction method

Use the relevant price index to directly reduce the current price added value and calculate the constant price added value. The calculation formula is:

Constant price added value of an industry = current price added value of the industry ÷ price index

Extrapolation method of 2.3.2.2 mass index

Calculate the growth rate of constant price added value by using the growth rate of related material indexes, and then calculate the current constant price added value by using the constant price added value of the same period last year and the calculated growth rate of constant price added value. The calculation formula is:

Constant price added value of an industry = constant price added value of the industry in the same period of last year × (1+growth rate of constant price added value of the industry)

Among them, the growth rate of constant price added value is determined according to the growth rate of related material indexes in this period and the quantitative relationship between the growth rate of constant price added value in previous years and the growth rate of related material indexes.

2.4 seasonal adjustment

The growth rate of GDP is the result of comparing the quarterly added value with the data of the previous quarter. When calculating, we must eliminate the influence of seasonal factors on the time series, and use NBS-SA, a seasonal adjustment software of the National Bureau of Statistics, to adjust the time series seasonally. NBS-SA is developed on the basis of seasonal adjustment software commonly used in the world at present, taking into account the unique seasonal factors in China. The software adds a new module to deal with the seasonal factors unique to China, effectively eliminating the seasonal factors unique to China, including mobile holiday factors such as Spring Festival, Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival, factors that change the working days from the original 6-day system to 5-day system, and factors brought about by holiday changes and holidays.

3. Revision of quarterly GDP data

3.1 the necessity of revision

The preliminary accounting of quarterly GDP has a strong demand for timeliness, and it is generally published about 15 days after the quarter. At this time, all the basic data needed for GDP accounting cannot be obtained, so the preliminary accounting of quarterly GDP is calculated by using professional statistical progress data and related indicators. After that, with the increasing and perfecting of available basic data, the GDP data will be revised by using more complete basic data, such as professional statistical annual reports, industry financial data and financial final accounts data, so as to reflect the actual situation of economic development more accurately.

3.2 Revision procedure

According to the latest reform of GDP accounting and data release system of National Bureau of Statistics, quarterly GDP accounting in China is divided into two steps: preliminary accounting and final verification. Usually, after the annual GDP is finally verified, the quarterly data should be revised, which is called routine revision; After the national economic census is carried out, new basic data that have great influence on GDP data are found, or the annual GDP historical data are revised after the calculation method and classification standard have changed, the quarterly GDP historical data should also be revised accordingly, which is called comprehensive revision.

3.3 Revision method

3.3.1 Revision of quarterly data

At present, the method of revising quarterly GDP data in China is proportional convergence method, that is, the method of adjusting quarterly data by using the difference between the annual benchmark value and the summary of the four quarters in the year. The basic method of proportional convergence is as follows: firstly, the current price and constant price added value of various industries in the national economy are connected respectively, and GDP and the added value of the three industries are the sum of the added values of the connected industries. The connection method between constant price GDP and the added value of constant price three industries is the same as the current price.

3.3.2 Revision of ring comparison data

Because the object of seasonal adjustment is time series data, when any quarter data in time series changes, it will affect the result of seasonal adjustment; Adding the latest quarter’s data to the time series will also make the previous quarter’s month-on-month data change more or less, which is the result of the automatic correction of the model. According to the principle of seasonal adjustment, in general, the data will be greatly affected in the period close to the latest data; In the period far away from the latest data, the data is less affected. For the convenience of users, the revised ring-on-ring data of the previous quarter will be released through the website of the National Bureau of Statistics while releasing the ring-on-ring data of the current period.

4. Quarterly GDP data quality evaluation

4.1 Evaluation of basic data

Relevant departments will test the quality of professional statistical data and administrative record data used in GDP accounting to ensure that the data reasonably reflect the actual situation of economic development. When the GDP accounting department gets these basic data, it will check the completeness and accuracy of the data again to ensure that these data meet the concept and requirements of GDP accounting.

4.2 Evaluation of accounting methods

In the GDP accounting, the GDP accounting department will revise China’s quarterly GDP accounting method according to the developing economic reality of China and the constantly improving national economic accounting standards, so as to ensure the rationality of the accounting method.

4.3 Evaluation of accounting results

After the quarterly GDP accounting results are obtained, it is necessary to check the coordination of GDP data, GDP data and related professional and departmental statistical data and macro data to ensure the coordination and matching between GDP data and other major data. A system is being established to evaluate the basic statistical data of various professions and departments with national economic accounting as the core framework.

4.4 Comparability of data

The China National Economic Accounting System (2016) adopted the basic accounting principles, contents and methods of the United Nations National Accounts System (2008), so the GDP data is internationally comparable.

The historical data of quarterly GDP was revised after the national economic census was carried out or the calculation method and classification standard changed, so the quarterly GDP time series since the first quarter of 1992 was comparable.

5. Quarterly GDP data release

5.1 Release time

The preliminary accounting figures of quarterly GDP are generally released around 15th after the quarter, and the final verification figures of quarterly GDP are generally released in January of the following year. For the release of major statistical indicators, the National Bureau of Statistics will indicate the release date in the "Major Statistical Information Release Schedule" released at the beginning of the year, and GDP data will be released according to the prescribed schedule.

5.2 Release method

The preliminary calculation of quarterly GDP is published in the press conference on quarterly national economic operation, the website of the National Bureau of Statistics and the Monthly Report of China Economic Prosperity; The final verification of quarterly GDP is published in the national statistical database and China Economic Prosperity Monthly. For the time series of quarterly GDP data since the first quarter of 1992, it can be queried through the national statistical database.

　　Beijing, May 8 (Reporter Ma Ning Zhou Yu) According to the Voice of China report, according to the Central Meteorological Observatory, during the day yesterday (July 7), heavy rains occurred in parts of northeastern Guangxi, southeastern Hunan, southwestern Jiangxi, eastern Guangdong and southeastern Fujian. Among them, there were heavy rains in Shanwei, Guangdong, Jieyang, Zhangzhou, Fujian and Xiamen, and Xiamen also released the first rainstorm red since Typhoon Moranti.

　　This morning, the range of heavy rainfall in many places decreased, but large-scale heavy precipitation continued. The Central Meteorological Observatory reminded people in the affected areas to cut off outdoor power supply in dangerous areas and suspend outdoor operations; Pay attention to prevent possible disasters such as flash floods, landslides and mudslides.

　　Xiamen: 24-hour rainfall exceeds 300 mm, and there is serious water accumulation in famous scenic spots and main roads.

　　The continuous rainstorm caused waterlogging in the city, and Xiamen and parts of Guangdong entered the sea-watching mode. In Xiamen University, the stairwell turned into a waterfall, and the scene where the accumulated water didn’t pass the tables and chairs brushed the social network. In order to ensure safety, some schools, including Xiamen University and Xiamen City Vocational College, were closed yesterday afternoon.

　　It is understood that the data released by the Xiamen Meteorological Observatory at 2: 25 pm yesterday showed that from 8: 00 am to 2: 00 pm, the rainfall in 10 towns and streets and 19 stations in Xiamen was more than 100 mm, of which the largest rainfall occurred in the Binhai Street Science and Technology Middle School in Siming District, and the rainfall in 24 hours exceeded 300 mm. Some famous scenic spots and main roads in Xiamen have experienced serious water accumulation. The West Gate of Xiamen University was temporarily closed due to water accumulation, and roads such as Zhongshan Road and Huandao Road were impassable due to water accumulation. Zhou Xueming, chief forecaster of Xiamen Meteorological Observatory, said that yesterday’s short-term heavy rainfall was mainly due to the influence of southerly airflow, and the rainfall intensity was relatively rare in history, with an average of more than 100 mm in an hour.

　　Yesterday, the Xiamen public security department dispatched more than 600 police officers and handled more than 60 emergency calls for help in heavy rain. The Xiamen Flood Control and Drought Relief Headquarters started the city’s three-level emergency response against rainstorm and flood at 12: 50 noon yesterday. According to the rain situation, at 13: 15, the emergency response against rainstorm and flood in three districts in Xiamen was upgraded to the first level, which was the first time after the typhoon Moranti hit Xiamen.

　　Guangzhou: It has entered the high season of short-term heavy precipitation.

　　Yesterday, a group of pictures from Guangzhou were also screened. The sky over Guangzhou in shanghai dawn is covered with dark clouds, and there is only a ray of light between heaven and earth. Many netizens teased as if aliens were coming in the movie, and even their brains were wide open, and P became the image of various behemoths.

　　Following the dark clouds all over the sky is a downpour. From around 6: 00 in the evening, the rainstorm warning signal in Guangzhou has been continuously upgraded, and some areas have also issued thunderstorm warning signals. The heavy rainfall in a short period of time caused many roads in Guangzhou to flood the streets, and at the peak of work, almost all the main roads in the city were congested.

　　It is understood that the heavy rainfall that began yesterday evening really caught many citizens off guard. Heavy rainfall has caused water accumulation on many roads, waterlogging in low-lying areas, car flameout and road congestion. According to the forecast of the meteorological department, this rainy and sunny weather will continue for three days, and the next three days will be heavy rain and local heavy rain, but it will not turn sunny after 10 days, and the weather will turn into local showers or scattered showers. According to the Meteorological Bureau, this process has the characteristics of long precipitation duration, strong rain and large accumulated rainfall.

　　During this time, Guangzhou coincided with the "Dragon Boat Water". Folk call the heavy precipitation process around the Dragon Boat Festival on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month "Dragon Boat Water", during which the warm and humid airflow in the south is active, and when it meets the cold air from the north to the south in Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian and Hainan, there will often be continuous heavy precipitation in a wide range. At present, Guangzhou has entered the high season of short-term heavy precipitation. Remind the public to pay more attention to the meteorological warning information. According to the Guangdong Meteorological Disaster Prevention Regulations, typhoon yellow, orange, red or rainstorm red warning signal is the signal to suspend classes. The meteorological department issued an early warning signal to reach the suspension level, and students did not need to wait for the notice from the education bureau and other departments to automatically suspend classes.

　　In addition, remind the public to pay attention to the fact that heavy precipitation can easily lead to local mountain torrents, mudslides, landslides, urban and rural waterlogging and other disasters, and do a good job in defense.

　　Recently, "Microsoft Yahei is not a free font" caused a wide discussion of public opinion, and once boarded the online hot search list. The Beijing Youth Daily reporter learned that Microsoft Yahei is an embedded font in the Windows operating system and can be used directly without downloading and installing. However, after being used in brand promotion, enterprises or online stores were sued for infringement by Beijing Peking University Founder Electronics Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "Peking University Founder") on the grounds that users used Microsoft Yahei fonts for the purpose of "commercial release" and had to pay extra copyright fees.

　　Whether fonts are protected by copyright law is still controversial in the legal field. Legal experts believe that artistic fonts can be protected by copyright law, and the degree of protection should depend on their originality. Some lawyers also said that for the "Microsoft Yahei" infringement incident, Windows users should not become the main body of Peking University founder to investigate the infringement responsibility.

　　Users don’t know the commercial infringement of "Microsoft Yahei"

　　On March 7th this year, a consulting company in Chengdu, Sichuan received an email from Founder of Peking University, reminding the company to use a variety of Founder fonts without authorization in brand promotion. Please check the feedback in time to avoid legal risks.

　　According to an employee of the consulting company who asked not to be named, the company used three fonts of Founder in several publicity pictures on official website and WeChat WeChat official account. Subsequently, Peking University Founder got in touch with the consulting company to inform the font that it was infringed, and requested that the used font be purchased for one year.

　　"We have objections to one of the three fonts that Founder pointed out were infringing — — Microsoft Yahei font, because Microsoft Yahei is an embedded font in the Windows operating system, it can be used directly without downloading and installing. " The staff of the above consulting company said. The reporter of Beiqing Daily found that many enterprises and online stores were sued for infringement by Peking University Founder after using Microsoft Yahei fonts. For example, the "Microsoft Yahei is not a free font" incident that recently appeared on the online hot search list was also caused by a company intern using Microsoft Yahei and pirated PS software to print 50 million samples and use them for commercial purposes, which led to the company being sued and the loss reached 28.6 million yuan.

　　What is the relationship between "Microsoft Yahei" and "Founder Font Library"? The reporter of Beiqing Daily asked the customer service staff of Founder Font Library as a consultant. The other party explained that as early as when Microsoft entered China, Microsoft entrusted Founder of Peking University to create Microsoft Yahei font, but the copyright still belongs to Founder of Peking University. When users use the Windows operating system, Microsoft Yahei fonts can be displayed on the screen or used for personal printing, which can be used for free. However, if it is for the purpose of "commercial distribution", copyright fees need to be paid. Among the paid fonts, the authorized usage fee of the so-called basic fonts is 7,000 yuan per year, and the authorized usage fee of the so-called fine fonts is as high as 20,000 yuan per year.

　　However, many companies and individuals do not understand the above situation, and the expensive licensing fee makes it difficult for many people to accept it at the moment. "When using without any infringement tips, who knows this is to pay! If you really want to defend your rights, add ‘ directly after the font. Pay ’ Just two words? " A staff member engaged in the art industry told the reporter of Beiqing Daily.

　　In view of the fact that Microsoft Yahei font has no obvious copyright statement or payment prompt in the Windows operating system, Beiqing Daily reporter contacted the head of Founder Marketing Department of Peking University, who said that he would not be interviewed.

　　Merchants encounter the promotion of "preferential packaging scheme"

　　Another merchant revealed to the reporter of Beiqing Daily that when being investigated for font infringement by Peking University Founder, it also encountered the situation of promoting the "preferential packaging scheme".

　　According to a shop owner of an e-commerce platform, Founder of Peking University informed the commodity introduction agency on its page that the Founder font used was unauthorized, and requested that all links using Founder font be removed from the shelves within two days, and can only be uploaded again after the font modification is completed. The shopkeeper asked, "Can you relax the time?"? The founder staff of Peking University replied that "the time is stipulated by the rights protection center. Our side is the authorization center and belongs to two departments. We can’t interfere with their work. Please understand."

　　However, the customer service of Founder Font Library later said that as long as the authorization is handled, the fonts beyond the authorization scope can be relaxed to "be modified within one month", and at the same time, the preferential packaging scheme is promoted to the owner: "The authorization to purchase at least two fonts, if you handle five models, the highest discount can be applied for 20%."

　　In desperation, the owner expressed his willingness to choose two basic fonts. However, I didn’t expect that the founder staff of Peking University quickly changed their minds and said: "The minimum number of basic fonts is 10, and the effect is not as good as that of selected fonts." After repeated negotiations, the owner finally bought a basic font and a selected font license.

　　Original artistic characters can be protected by copyright law.

　　Judging from the cases of Fangzheng font safeguarding rights in recent years, the court’s judgment results are not the same. Should fonts be protected by copyright law? Feng Xiaoqing, a professor at the School of Civil and Commercial Economics of China University of Political Science and Law and director of the Institute of Intellectual Property Law, believes that artistic fonts can be protected by copyright law as works of art if they meet the conditions of originality. However, the degree of protection cannot be generalized, but should depend on the degree of originality.

　　Although different fonts are recognizable, the ultimate goal of Chinese characters is to record facts and express ideas, on the premise of "not affecting the ultimate goal of Chinese characters’ expression and expression" Therefore, it is necessary to analyze specific cases. Some fonts do have strong originality and high artistry, so they should enjoy a high degree of copyright protection; The originality of some fonts is not so obvious, and whether it constitutes infringement when it is used by the majority of merchants. If there is an infringement dispute, it needs to be analyzed in detail by the court. At the same time, we should also consider the purpose, environment, subjective and objective conditions and other factors of the font being commercialized.

　　"In short, whether fonts are used for commercial purposes without payment and permission constitutes infringement cannot be across the board." Feng Xiaoqing said. In any case, from the perspective of copyright protection, we should pay attention to the relationship between the right boundary of copyright and the public sphere. Copyright law is a mechanism for balancing right protection and right restriction, private right protection and public interest. Copyright owners can fully and effectively exercise their rights, but they cannot abuse their rights to the detriment of consumers’ interests and public interests.

　　Text/reporter Wang Bin Lei Jia

　　conversation

　　Windows users should not be the subject of tort liability investigation by Peking University Founder.

　　Interviewer: Lu Gang, lawyer of Beijing Cube Law Firm.

　　Beiqing Daily: Founder Company of Peking University said that the copyright of Microsoft Yahei embedded font in Windows operating system belongs to Founder of Peking University, and users need to pay the copyright fee when using it for the purpose of "commercial release". What do you think?

　　Lu Gang: The "exhaustion doctrine Principle" is an important principle in intellectual property law. That is, once the intellectual property owner legally places the products formed by intellectual property in the circulation field, all (or part of) the rights of the original intellectual property owner are exhausted.

　　Specific to the issue of Microsoft Yahei font, Peking University is authorizing (or allowing) the "Microsoft Yahei" font to be built into Microsoft’s Windows operating system. At this time, Peking University’s right to copy and distribute the intellectual property of its font library has reached the right boundary for users of Microsoft Windows operating system. In other words, when users use the built-in font "Microsoft Yahei" in Windows system, they don’t need to report to the font library creator — — Peking University is licensed, and users don’t need to know who the owner of the font library is.

　　At the same time, it is also the inevitable use and natural result of computer software functions that users use the text system of Windows system to process documents. Therefore, whether the user prints the document or uses it on the Internet, whether it is for personal use or business, it is the natural result of using the font. After all, the purpose of writing a document is to express the author’s thoughts and intentions, and the real function of the document can be reflected by showing readers and other audience groups in the form of external communication.

　　Therefore, based on the above reasons, I think that users of Windows operating system should not be the subject of tort liability pursued by Peking University Founder, nor should they bear corresponding tort liability.

　　Beiqing Daily: Except official website, the founder of Peking University, you can download Founder fonts by searching online at will, and even mark "free software" impressively. Is this piracy or infringement? Do users have to bear the responsibility for downloading and using fonts in this way?

　　Lu Gang: First of all, for the pirated font software that can be downloaded at will on the Internet, even if it is marked as "free use", it is not a statement issued by the obligee. In this case, the person who provides the downloaded resources belongs to "distribution behavior without the authorization of the right holder", and the user who downloads and installs belongs to "distribution behavior without the authorization of the right holder", so they need to bear the tort liability respectively.

　　In addition, if the user is using pirated Windows operating system, any embedded font library and other software programs can’t be genuine (without Microsoft’s authorization). In this case, if infringement is claimed, only Microsoft can claim the tort liability of pirated software for Windows operating system.

　　Text/reporter Wang Bin