China Youth Network, Qingdao, March 24th (Reporter Su Xiqiang) "Let the extras C debut". On March 23rd, the national group performance competition of Qingdao Oriental Film Capital and the project of "Group Performance Commune" was launched in Zhujiang College of South China Agricultural University.

　　Gao Yalin, Vice President of Actors Committee of China Federation of Radio, Film and Television Social Organizations, Xu Wenguang, Secretary-General Zhang Ge, actor Mars, actor Wan Guopeng, well-known host Han Bin, and Gong Junquan, Chairman of Zhujiang College of South China Agricultural University, and other guests were invited to sit on the audition site to help the group perform their dreams.

　　On the morning of the same day, at the audition site of Guangzhou Station of "Group Performance Commune", teachers, students, novel writers, ten-year walk-on players from all over the country showed their talents, singing, dancing, reciting or selecting video clips, from stage performance to costume modeling, they all made great efforts.

　　"I like watching movies and TV series since I was a child, but I don’t have a chance to play." Player 738 from the northeast said. He grasped the smart essence of Aidou, imitated KUN to play basketball, and burst into laughter at the scene. Subsequently, Judge Xu Wenguang gave an impromptu proposition of "Boyfriend Following Girlfriend". This player performed the double drama of spy lurking and family ethics. His lines are fluent and have a funny talent, and he was praised by Xu Wenguang.

　　Player No.735, who loves dubbing and yearns for acting, plays the roles of Mi Yue and Mi Shu in legend of miyue, showing the rivalry between sisters to the fullest and winning unanimous praise from the judges and teachers.

　　In view of the emotional and lines problems in the performance of the contestants, the judges all taught the performance skills without stint, emphasizing "really listening, really seeing and really feeling". Xu Wenguang and the contestants staged a dialect battle, which made the audience laugh. He pointed out that language is the first element of the actor’s own carrier, and acting must first express the language clearly.

　　After the auditions, Gao Yalin shared his acting experience with the contestants: "Acting is actually self-training, and it needs to express true feelings, and inner belief is particularly important. On the road of acting, there is no shortcut. Only by being down to earth can you realize your dreams. "

　　Xu Wenguang, an old opera player, believes that the inspiration for performance comes from life, and the enthusiasm and seriousness of the group performers deeply touched him. "The improvement of the level of young actors also indicates the development potential of film and television dramas and fully demonstrates our cultural consciousness."

　　With "I am a passerby", Wan Guopeng, a representative who grew up from a mass actor to a professional actor, said frankly that the road to chasing dreams is not easy. He encouraged the group performers to seize the opportunity of group auditions. "Love and persistence are the most important things."

　　During the activity, Gao Yalin, Xu Wenguang, Zhao Rui, Mars, Zhang Ge and Han Bin were specially invited by Zhujiang College of South China Agricultural University as visiting professors. "On the one hand, it is necessary for the school to continue to develop on the road of high-end, international and personalized running, and it is also conducive to the cultivation and incubation of performing talents." Gong Junquan said, "On the other hand, paying attention to extras requires the participation of the media, film and television bases, including our schools, to jointly help the development and growth of extras."

　　Du Cuihui, the representative of the organizer of the "Group Performance Commune" project and the head of the activity planning department of Qingdao Lingshan Bay Film and Television Bureau, said at the scene that he hoped that through the implementation of the "Group Performance Commune" project, the group performance groups would be guided, standardized and cared for, and their inspirational stories would be shared to establish a new trend in the film and television industry.

　　Zhao Rui, director of the program operation department of Shandong Satellite TV and producer of the "Group Performance Commune" project, said that a total of 35 contestants advanced to the semi-finals in this Guangzhou station sea election, and 2 contestants went through to the finals. Next, "Group Performance Commune" will hold an off-line audition and rematch in Beijing at the star base of Building C, No.6 Gaobeidian North Garden, Chaoyang District, Beijing on March 30th and 31st, with actor Lin Yongjian as the judge of the rematch. Performance lovers can also register online through the WeChat WeChat official account of Lingshan Bay Film and Television Bureau, the WeChat WeChat official account of Shandong Satellite TV and the Group Performance Commune in DingTalk.

　　It is reported that the eight finalists in the National Group Performance Competition of Group Performance Commune will participate in the recording of reality show, which will be broadcast simultaneously on Shandong Satellite TV and video platform in June 2019. The top eight contestants can also get the opportunity to perform two scripts provided by Xu Weibing, co-founder of the Chinese International Screenplay Festival, and be personally directed by actor Tang Guoqiang.

China Net News July 16 th "Coming! 8250！ 8400！ 8460！ ….. "At 4 o’clock in the morning of July 11th, in the central control room of Wudu Reservoir Management Center, Xu Hui, director of the dispatching department, stared at the monitoring screen-the maximum flood peak brought by the heavy rainfall in the whole basin was about to be put into storage.

The flood was fierce. With the sudden increase of the inflow, Xu Hui unconsciously put his hand on the chair of his colleague. It was not until the peak value of the flood peak displayed by the water regime monitoring system began to slowly drop from 8490 m/s that Xu Huicai released his hand and called his colleagues to report to the provincial flood control office immediately and inform the downstream relevant departments of the flood situation.

8490m3/s！ This peak value is unprecedented in the measured data of Wudu reservoir dam site area, and far exceeds the measured maximum peak flow of 6230 m/s on September 2, 1978. These two sets of data surfaced in my mind, and Xu Hui had some feelings: Without Wudu Reservoir, the disasters suffered by Jiangyou, Mianyang, Santai and other cities downstream would be unimaginable.

Wudu Water Diversion Project is a large-scale backbone water conservancy project of the West-to-East Water Diversion Project in Sichuan Province, which is known as the "Second Dujiangyan". Wudu Reservoir, as its water source project, is the first controlled backbone reservoir in the upper reaches of Fujiang River, which has assumed the important functions of flood control and irrigation. Facing the severe test of the biggest flood since 1949, the Wuyin Project handed over a beautiful answer sheet-as of 6: 00 pm on July 11th, Wudu Reservoir had intercepted a total of 150 million m of floods, equivalent to intercepting the water of 10 West Lakes; The maximum interception per second is 4900 m, which is equivalent to stopping the water volume of two Olympic standard swimming pools every second.

Scientific flood regulation reduces the once-in-a-century flood to once-in-50 years

Since July 9, there have been continuous rainstorms in Mianyang City, and on July 11, major rivers such as Fujiang River have been flooded-at 8 am, the water level of Nanba Water Station of Fujiang River exceeded the warning level by 1.43 meters; At 10 o’clock in the morning, the flood peak discharge of Fujiang Bridge in Mianyang City reached 12,200 m/s, the warning water level was 1.75 m, and the guaranteed water level was 0.55 m … This was the biggest flood in Mianyang since 1949, and Wudu Reservoir played an important regulating role in intercepting this fierce flood.

"If Wudu Reservoir hadn’t cut its peak by 4,900 m/s, the flood peak flow of Minjiang Bridge in Mianyang City would have reached 17,100 m/s, exceeding the once-in-a-century flood standard." Yang Xiangqian, deputy director of Wudu Reservoir Management Center, said. The design function of Wudu Reservoir is to raise the flood control standard of Mianyang downstream from once every 50 years to once every 100 years.

It is understood that there are many rivers in Mianyang’s jurisdiction. There are only three rivers flowing through Mianyang’s urban area, namely Fujiang, Anchangjiang and Furong Creek. Among them, Furong Creek of Anchangjiang is a natural river without flood control capacity. In the upper reaches of Mianyang City, there are two main rivers, namely Pingtong River and Tongkou River, which will also transit Mianyang City after Jiangyou, Qinglian and Fujiang meet. Pingtong River and Tongkou River are also natural rivers and do not have flood regulation capacity. Before the completion of Wudu Reservoir in 2012, the Fujiang River Basin suffered heavy flood losses in 1921, 1930, 1936, 1945, 1954, 1978, 1981 and 1998. It was not until Wudu Reservoir was established that the Fujiang River Basin from Jiangyou City to Santai County had the function of flood regulation.

"If the Fujiang River Basin from Jiangyou to Santai is likened to a pool, then Anchang River, Furong River, Pingtong River and Tongkou River, as their tributaries, are like four water pipes without valves, and the amount of water in the pool is regulated by Wudu Reservoir, the only valve." Yang Xiangqian said that it depends on science to adjust this unique "valve" and reduce the once-in-a-century flood to once in 50 years.

In this flood regulation, Wudu Reservoir Management Center roughly predicted that the flood peak flow of more than 8,000 m/s will be put into the reservoir on July 11th, and immediately strengthened the monitoring of relevant water and rain conditions and data collection. According to the requirement of "always putting people’s lives and property safety first", the flood control benefit of the reservoir was fully exerted-at 9: 00 on July 10th, the flood flow entering Wudu Reservoir reached 3,340 m/. At 4 o’clock on July 11th, Wudu Reservoir ushered in the maximum flood peak of 8,490 m/s of this heavy rainfall. In order to ensure the safety of the downstream urban and rural residents, the management center adjusted the flood according to the dispatching instruction of the Provincial Flood Control Office to discharge 3,500 m/s and eliminate the peak of 4,990 m/s. As of 18 o’clock on July 11th, the inflow and outflow were 3,120 m/s and 3,400 m/s respectively.

Allocate the reservoir in advance to leave enough storage capacity for 150 million cubic meters of flood.

It takes about 10 West Lakes to hold a flood of 150 million m, which is a big challenge for Wudu Reservoir with a flood control capacity of 86 million m and a flood interception capacity of 154 million m..

After it is predicted that there will be a large amount of flood, in order to reserve enough flood storage capacity, Wudu Reservoir increased its discharge at 2500 m/s as early as 14: 00 on July 10, and gradually increased its discharge to 3500 m/s after 20: 00 on the same day. By 3: 00 on July 11th, before the flood peak of this round arrived rapidly, the management center controlled the water level of the reservoir at an elevation of 645.33m, ensuring sufficient storage capacity.

"Everyone should be impressed by the mathematical application problems of water injection and water discharge. A water tank that was originally filled with a lot of water will easily overflow if the water injection amount is greater than the water discharge amount; Our discharge must be carried out according to the dispatching instruction, which is equivalent to a relatively limited value of’ water discharge’. However, the’ water injection quantity’ of flood is uncontrollable, and once the’ water injection quantity’ exceeds the allowable range of’ water discharge quantity’, it is very dangerous. Therefore, in order to reduce the risk of uncontrollable water injection, we must lower the water level in the water tank in advance, so as to ensure safety. This time we can successfully complete the flood interception task, and it is very important to vacate the warehouse in advance. " Yang said forward.

On July 12th, according to the provincial and municipal orders, Wudu Reservoir began to lower its water level. By 8: 00 am on the 13th, the water level of the reservoir had dropped to 640 meters, freeing up 150 million cubic meters of flood control capacity, making full preparations for the next flood. "In the next step, we will conscientiously implement the requirements of the provincial and municipal dispatching meeting on July 11 and today’s meeting, and continue to strictly inspect and maintain the reservoir dam facilities and equipment to ensure that the equipment is in good working condition; Strictly on duty to ensure smooth communication information; Strictly implement the dispatch order, ensure the scientific and orderly dispatch, resolutely win the battle against flood control, and make due contributions to Mianyang flood control and disaster reduction. " Yang said forward.

Supervision in place to ensure good operation conditions of reservoir facilities and equipment　

Whether every facility and equipment in the reservoir works well or not is a major event related to the flood control safety of the reservoir. Every year after the flood season, the Operation and Dispatching Section of Wudu Reservoir will organize departmental engineers and technicians to make routine inspections of 19 flood and rain forecasting stations in the reservoir area.

"A thousand miles of embankment collapsed in the ant nest. In order to ensure the safe operation of the reservoir, we have carried out every safety responsibility. Except routine inspection before and after the flood season, all computer equipment, network communication equipment, gate control system equipment, electrical equipment, water level detection equipment, etc. should be inspected once every half month, ranging from whether an intercom is charged or not to whether the gate can be opened and closed at any time. All kinds of equipment defects and faults should be found and eliminated in time to ensure that the equipment is in a timely manner. Xu Hui said.

According to reports, during the flood interception process, due to the early inspection and maintenance work in place, all the facilities and equipment of the reservoir have not had problems, ensuring the excellent completion of the flood interception task.

1905 movie network news Recently, in an interview with the French magazine Premiere, the famous director quentin tarantino revealed that his favorite film of the decade in the "2010s" was david fincher’s.

"Put it first, because it is the best. That’s it, it crushed all competitors, "Quentin said.In fact, it is not surprising that Quentin chose "The Social Network" as the best. After all, Finch’s "The Social Network" has already won the love of many audiences with its tense characters, unique lens aesthetics and fast-crossing editing techniques. Coupled with the blessing of sorkin, who won the Oscar for Best Adapted Screenplay, and the superb acting skills of Juanxi, Garfield and Runi Mara, The Social Network has always had many loyal fans.

Although the complete list of "Top Ten in Ten Years" has not been published, Quentin said that the film directed by Nolan ranked second in his heart. This film, which presents the famous event "Dunkirk Retreat" in World War II from a unique perspective, won the awards of best editing, best mixing and best photography in the 90th Academy Awards with its nonlinear deductive style and rich group images.

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "Marxism has provided a powerful ideological weapon for China’s revolution, construction and reform, and made China, an ancient oriental country, create an unprecedented development miracle in human history.". Under the guidance of Marxism, the Communist Party of China (CPC) United and led the people of China to forge ahead and make unremitting efforts, and achieved great victories and brilliant achievements in revolution, construction and reform. Practice has fully proved that adhering to the guiding position of Marxism is the choice of history and people.

　　Marxism is a scientific theory.

　　History and people choose Marxism because Marxism is a scientific world outlook and methodology. The scientific and revolutionary nature of Marxist theory stems from the scientific world outlook and methodology of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, which provides us with a powerful ideological weapon to understand and transform the world and points out the correct direction for world socialism.

　　Marxism profoundly reveals the universal laws of the development of nature, human society and human thinking, points out the direction for the development and progress of human society, and provides us with a scientific understanding tool for observing the world, analyzing problems and solving contradictions. The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "In the history of human thought, no ideological theory can reach the height of Marxism in terms of scientificity, truth, influence and communication, and no theory can have such a huge impact on the world like Marxism." Although the era we live in has undergone tremendous and profound changes compared with that of Marx, from the perspective of 500 years of world socialism, we are still in the historical era pointed out by Marxism. No matter how the world changes, Marxism still occupies the commanding heights of truth and morality, and it is still an ideological system and discourse system with great international influence.

　　Marxism can take root in the land of China and the hearts of the people of China, and become the fundamental guiding ideology of the cause of the party and the country, relying on the power of scientific truth. Under the guidance of Marxism, the Communist Party of China (CPC) people led the people of China to complete the new-democratic revolution, realize national independence and people’s liberation, completely end the history of the semi-colonial and semi-feudal society in old China and open a new historical era; Completing the socialist revolution, establishing the basic socialist system and promoting socialist construction have laid a solid foundation for China’s prosperity, strength, development and progress; Carry out the new great revolution of reform and opening up, create, persist in and develop Socialism with Chinese characteristics, greatly liberate and develop social productive forces, greatly enhance the vitality of social development, and achieve great achievements in socialist modernization. All these have confirmed the scientificity and truth of Marxism.

　　Marxism is the theory of the people.

　　History and people choose Marxism because Marxism is the theory of the people. Marxism explores the road of human freedom and liberation from the standpoint of the people, emphasizing relying on the people to advance history and promote human liberation, which points out the direction for the ultimate establishment of an ideal society without oppression, exploitation, equality and freedom for all.

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader stressed: "Marxism is profound and profound. In the final analysis, it is a sentence, seeking liberation for mankind." The question of why people are a fundamental and principled one. Adhering to the people’s position, representing the people’s interests and standing on the people’s side are the fundamental positions of Marxism. Marxism can be carried forward, full of vitality and have a wide and profound impact in China. One of the important reasons is that this scientific theory always adheres to the people’s position and takes the pursuit of the liberation of all mankind, including the people of China, and the free and all-round development of human beings as its own responsibility. Over the past 100 years, in the historical process of seeking happiness for the people of China and rejuvenation for the Chinese nation, our party has firmly established the fundamental purpose of serving the people wholeheartedly and has always taken the people’s position as its fundamental political position; Carry out all the mass line of serving the masses, relying on the masses, coming from the masses and going to the masses; Adhere to the people-oriented, ruling for the people concept; Take the people’s support, disapproval, happiness and disapproval as the fundamental criterion to measure the gains and losses of all work; Wait a minute.

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "It is the initial intention of the Communist Party of China (CPC) people to seek happiness for the people. We must always remember this initial heart and always take the people’s yearning for a better life as our goal. " Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core has persisted in taking the people’s yearning for a better life as the goal, adhering to the people-centered development thought, and persisting in the initial intention and mission of seeking happiness for the people of China and rejuvenation for the Chinese nation. On the basis of continuing to promote development, it has made great efforts to solve the problem of insufficient development imbalance, vigorously improve the quality and efficiency of development, and better meet the growing needs of the people in economic, political, cultural, social and ecological aspects. Grasping the most direct and realistic interests that the people are most concerned about, constantly safeguarding and improving people’s livelihood, promoting social fairness and justice, achieving at a higher level education for young children, learning and teaching, income from labor, medical care for the sick, support for the old, shelter and support for the weak, making people’s sense of well-being, happiness and security more substantial, more secure and more sustainable, and making continuous progress towards achieving common prosperity for all people, vividly explaining.

　　Marxism is a practical theory.

　　History and people choose Marxism because Marxism is a practical theory. The foundation and motivation of truth knowledge is practice, and the standard for testing truth is practice in the final analysis. Marx said: "The degree to which theory is realized in a country always depends on the degree to which theory meets the needs of this country." History and people choose Marxism precisely because Marxism meets the practical needs of China and has stood the test again and again in practice.

　　The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "Marxism is not a study, but was founded to change the historical destiny of the people, formed in the practice of people’s liberation, and enriched and developed in the practice of people’s liberation, providing a powerful spiritual force for people to understand and transform the world." Marxism not only looks at and explains the world from the viewpoint of practice, but also emphasizes changing the world with practice. The viewpoint of practice and the viewpoint of life are the basic viewpoints of Marxist epistemology, and practicality is the remarkable feature that distinguishes Marxist theory from other theories. As Marx said, "All social life is practical in essence" and "Philosophers only interpret the world in different ways, and the problem is to change the world". To grasp the practical characteristics of Marxism, we should link Marxism with the historical practice in China since modern times, especially with the practice in Socialism with Chinese characteristics. Under the guidance of Marxism and the leadership of the Communist Party of China, the Chinese nation has made a great leap from the sick man of East Asia to the station, from standing up to becoming rich, and from becoming rich to becoming strong, which fully demonstrates the practical power of Marxism.

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, in the face of the weak recovery of the world economy, frequent local conflicts and turmoil, and intensified global problems, and a series of profound changes in China’s economic and social development, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core has adhered to Marxism as the guidance, constantly promoted theoretical innovation based on practice, put forward a series of new ideas, new ideas and new strategies, promulgated a series of major principles and policies, and launched a series of major initiatives. We have promoted a series of major tasks, solved many long-term unsolved problems, accomplished many major events that we wanted to do in the past but failed to do, promoted historic changes in the cause of the party and the state, demonstrated the theoretical quality of China-based Marxism, systematically answered the important issues of what kind of Socialism with Chinese characteristics and how to adhere to and develop Socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era from the combination of theory and practice, and opened up a new realm of Marxist development.

　　Marxism is a developing and open theory.

　　History and people choose Marxism because it is an open and developing theory. Marxism is an open theoretical system that develops with the development of times, practice and science. It does not end the truth, but opens the way to the truth. Marxism has profoundly changed China, and China has also greatly enriched Marxism, and the two have developed through interaction. It is the source of Marxism’s eternal vitality to unify the persistence and development of Marxism and constantly create new theories in combination with new practice.

　　Based on the foundation of the times. Marxism was born to meet the needs of the times, always keeping pace with the times and sharing the destiny with the people. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "After long-term efforts, Socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era, which is a new historical orientation for China’s development." This important political conclusion endows the historical mission, theoretical follow-up, objectives and tasks of the Party with new connotation of the times, and provides us with time coordinates and basic basis for profoundly grasping the new stage and new characteristics of the development of contemporary China and scientifically formulating the Party’s line, principles and policies. In the new era, the principal contradictions in our society have changed, the theoretical innovation of the Party has made a new leap, the cause of the Party and the country has set new goals, the relationship between China and the world has opened up a new situation, and the Communist Party of China (CPC) has taken on a new look. To uphold and develop Marxism, we must base ourselves on the foundation of the times, grasp the pulse of the times, listen to the voice of the times, embody the times, grasp the regularity and be creative, and guide new practice with developing Marxism and China Marxism.

　　Answer the question of the times. The key to Marxism’s eternal youthful vitality lies in constantly answering new topics raised by the development of the times and responding to new challenges faced by human society. A history of Marxist development is a history in which Marx, Engels and their successors constantly develop according to the times, practice and understanding, and it is a history in which all outstanding ideological and cultural achievements in human history are constantly absorbed to enrich themselves. A history of Marxism in China is a history of guiding new practice with developing Marxism. To uphold and develop Marxism, we must answer the questions of the times in studying and solving problems, combine the basic principles of Marxism with the concrete reality of China in the new era, constantly explore and answer the new topics raised by the development of the times, respond to the new challenges faced by human society, clear up the ideological fog that puzzles and restricts the development of practice, constantly promote the modernization and popularization of Marxism in China, and constantly open up a new realm of Marxist development.

　　Lead the change of the times. The world today is experiencing a great change that has never happened in a century. The international structure and system are undergoing profound adjustments, the global governance system is undergoing profound changes, the international power balance is undergoing the most revolutionary changes in modern times, and there is a major trend that affects the historical process and trends of mankind around the world. Contemporary China is experiencing the most extensive and profound social changes in China’s history, and is also carrying out the most grand and unique practical innovation in human history. We have unimaginably good conditions for development in the past, but we are also faced with all kinds of foreseeable and unpredictable difficulties and challenges. The situation and environment are changing rapidly, the tasks of reform, development and stability are heavy, and the challenges of contradictions and risks are numerous, which is an unprecedented test for our party’s governance. To uphold and develop Marxism, we must lead the changes of the times, profoundly grasp the dialectical relationship between the great changes in the world that have never happened in a hundred years and the overall situation of the great rejuvenation strategy of the Chinese nation, base ourselves on the overall situation, coordinate the overall situation, lead the changes, create new ones, achieve progress in change, break through in change, win in change, and lead the great changes in the world in a direction that is conducive to the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and world peace and progress.

　　(The author is a professor of philosophy at Peking University)

　　"New Era China Research Bank Yangtze River"

　　Yangtze river trip: from the source of the three rivers to the estuary

　　From June 15 to July 29, the "Yangtze River Tour" team of "Investigation Tour of China in the New Era" walked down the Yangtze River from Tanggula Mountain Town in Sanjiangyuan District to the mouth of the Yangtze River, focusing on the historical achievements in the economic and social development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt and the turning changes in the ecological protection of the Yangtze River basin in a marching way, showing the vivid practice of high-quality development in the new era.

　　We use drones, crossing machines and cameras to "cross the Yangtze River" and record the beautiful scenery and ecological construction achievements of Dameijiangyuan, colorful Jiangwan, green Yibin, Junxiu Three Gorges, meteorological rivers and lakes and magnificent estuaries.

　　We met face to face with the researchers along the Yangtze River, and witnessed the "Yangtze River of Science and Technology" through their stories: some of them guarded the "Yangtze Elves" such as Tibetan antelope, Yangtze sturgeon and finless porpoise, some monitored the subtle changes of Yulong Snow Mountain and Dongting Lake wetland, and some tracked the phantom of the universe in underground laboratories — — Dark matter, some of which travel to and from Hefei and Shanghai, promotes the rapid development of quantum technology in China … …

　　This micro-documentary reviews the interviews that lasted for more than one month and traveled to Wan Li with a drop of nearly 5,000 meters.

　　Planning: Zheng Wei, Lan Hongguang

　　Coordinator: Wang Yuguo and Jin Liwang

　　Video clip: Zhou Yixiao

　　Reporter: Jin Liwang, Zhang Cheng, Tian Weiwei, Li Mengxin, Zhou Yixiao, Cao Mengyao, Wang Yijie, Qian Yi, Zhang Hongxiang, Jiang Wenyao, Chen Xinbo, Yang Wenbin, Jiang Hongjing, Shen Bohan, Damon, Xu Bingjie, Liu Chan, Huang Wei, Chu Jiayin, Xue Yuge, and so on.

　　Reporter: Zheng Jiayu

　　New Media Editors: Xu Jinquan, Zhou Daqing, Cai Xiangxin, Cheng Tingting.

　　US Editor: Mu Wenchun

　　From July 24th in Politburo meeting of the Chinese Communist Party to the recent entrepreneurs’ forum held by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, the multiple positive news about stimulating the real estate market frequently aroused social concern. Among them, topics such as how to ensure the delivery of housing pre-sale, when to reduce the interest rate of stock houses, and the adjustment of restrictive housing purchase policies in first-and second-tier cities have been hotly debated, and there are also many misunderstandings.

　　With all kinds of questions about these hot topics, the reporter from Chengdu Business Daily-Red Star recently had an exclusive conversation with Meng Xiaosu, the former chairman of China Housing Group and the former head of the national housing reform research group, who has the title of "the father of affordable housing in China", and made an in-depth interpretation of the top ten hot real estate topics.

　　"The relationship between supply and demand in China real estate market has undergone major changes"

　　On July 24th this year, the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee held a meeting to analyze and study the current economic situation and plan economic work in the second half of this year. When talking about the real estate market, it was clearly stated at the meeting for the first time: to adapt to the new situation that the relationship between supply and demand in the real estate market in China has undergone major changes, adjust and optimize the real estate policy in a timely manner. Make good use of the policy toolbox because of the city’s policy, better meet the rigid and improved housing needs of residents, and promote the stable and healthy development of the real estate market. At the macro level, what new features does China’s real estate market present? Facing the new development situation, how can we boost the confidence of the real estate market?

　　One question: "housing and not speculating" is no longer applicable to the present?

　　The positioning of "housing and not speculating" has not changed.

　　Q: How should we understand the current supply and demand situation of the real estate market?

　　A: The real estate market has indeed undergone major changes, but we can’t simply say that "the supply of real estate exceeds demand" because we all look at the market under the state of restricted purchase. It’s like counting traffic on a closed road and counting passengers in a closed shopping mall. How can it reflect the real supply and demand situation? In my opinion, to accurately judge the real relationship between supply and demand in the real estate market, we must wait until after "opening roadblocks" and "reopening shopping malls". Only by releasing the restrictive conditions can we judge the normal relationship between supply and demand.

　　Q: Compared with Politburo meeting of the Chinese Communist Party on April 28th, there was no mention of "staying and not speculating" at the meeting on July 24th. Some people thought that this meant that "staying and not speculating" had changed?

　　A: The positioning of "housing and not speculating" has not changed. The central government emphasizes that "houses are for living, not for speculation", which not only emphasizes the residential property of houses, but also does not deny the wealth value property of real estate. What we should guard against is real estate speculation and curb real estate speculation. However, it should be pointed out that there have been some misunderstandings about "living in a house without speculation", and at least three wrong interpretations have been formed by over-exerting it — — First, it is interpreted as "the house is for living, not for ‘ Buy ’ ",restricting residents from buying houses; The second is interpreted as "the house is for living, not for ‘ Sell ’ ",restricting the development of enterprises to sell houses; Third, it is interpreted as "the house is for rent, not for sale", which violates the policy of "both rent and sale". I think we should return to the origin, adhere to the positioning of "houses are for living, not for speculation", and promote the stable and healthy development of the real estate market.

　　Second question: Will the adjustment of purchase restriction and loan restriction be a trend in more cities?

　　Restrictive requirements shall be stipulated separately in the "Policy for the City"

　　Q: According to the statistics of the Central Finger Research Institute, in the first half of 2023, more than 100 places have introduced real estate control policies over 300 times. According to the current situation of the real estate market, there is a voice that "first-and second-tier cities should completely cancel the restrictions on purchases and loans"?

　　A: The current situation of the real estate market is mainly due to restrictions. In some places, "policy fallacy of composition" and "policy decomposition fallacy" are formed, resulting in insufficient market confidence, which is a comprehensive effect of mutual influence. "Restricted purchase" was implemented when the real estate was overheated, and now the situation in the property market has changed. According to the requirements of "city-specific policy", restrictive requirements can be stipulated separately in some cities and certain sections.

　　Three questions: When will the series of favorable policies be effective?

　　"Real estate policy adjustment usually has a lag period of 9 months"

　　Q: From lowering interest rates to lowering down payment to liberalizing purchase restrictions in some areas, how did the property market react after many favorable policies for real estate were frequently laid out?

　　A: The real estate policy is different from other economic policies, and it takes a long time. Experience tells us that the lag period of real estate policy is generally around 9 months.

　　Q: Is there still resistance to the recovery of the real estate market?

　　A: "The property market economy is a confidence economy". Now the requirements of the central government to adjust the real estate policy have not been put in place in some places. Many restrictive measures issued during the "overheating" period of real estate have not been adjusted, which is the biggest obstacle to the recovery of the real estate market. Although the financial sector has launched a number of preferential credit policies at present, they are all "non-core policies" in the property market policy and belong to auxiliary policies.

　　How to make people dare to buy a house and live in a down-to-earth manner?

　　"Promoting the stable and healthy development of the real estate market" has been mentioned by the central authorities many times. In recent years, property buyers also have a loud voice to resolve the risk of buying a house and cancel the pool area. How to make ordinary people dare to buy a house and live in a down-to-earth manner is also an important part of boosting confidence in buying a house.

　　Four questions: Should the pool area of commercial housing be abolished?

　　"It’s useless to cancel the pool."

　　Q: In recent years, there has been a loud voice from the people to cancel the pool of commercial housing. In July this year, Hefei, Anhui Province also said that it would "explore the pricing of commercial housing sales according to the interior area". In your opinion, should the market cancel pooling?

　　A: I have always been indifferent to the idea of canceling the pool. What really benefits the people is to improve the dual-track housing system and provide affordable housing for low-income families. The pool area is the difference between the building area and the usable area, including outdoor corridors, public stairs, public halls, elevators, etc., which are all parts of the house. Cancelling the pool is just to change the building area before the pool into the usable area after the pool, and change the pool from "dominant existence" to "invisible existence". It is impossible to cancel it, but the algorithm is different.

　　Q: Can exploring pricing by interior area be implemented in multiple cities?

　　A: What people want is to cancel the pool area. But the pool area can’t be without, and houses can’t exist alone. The cancellation of the pool will not reduce the total house price, and the spread price should be included in the remaining usable area. Property buyers may not get any benefits, but the room area is much smaller and the unit house price has increased a lot. Personally, I think it’s useless to cancel the pool. Just mark the pool area clearly. It’s a common practice in China to measure the construction area, and all statistical data are based on the construction area. Of course, the pool area involves building codes and cannot be changed at will, and the design and construction should be more reasonable.

　　Five questions: Should the pre-sale system of commercial housing be stopped?

　　"House prices may rise, and the development capacity of housing enterprises will decrease"

　　Q: In order to prevent the uncompleted development of real estate, there is a great call from the public to cancel the pre-sale system of commercial housing. Many areas have also begun to pilot the existing home sales system. In your opinion, should the pre-sale system of commercial housing be cancelled?

　　A: The "pre-sale system" is an effective practice formed by drawing lessons from overseas experience in the process of commercial housing development in China. Through the early intervention of house buyers, the problem of project construction funds can be solved, and at the same time, house buyers can buy houses in advance at preferential prices. It is possible to carry out the "existing home sales" pilot on some projects, but the house price will definitely be higher than the pre-sale.

　　In my opinion, it is not feasible to "completely cancel the pre-sale system", which means that development enterprises have to bear more capital costs and risk costs, and these costs have to be borne by buyers through sales, and house prices will rise and development risks will increase. For housing enterprises with less abundant self-owned funds, if there is no pre-sale system, it will be difficult to turn over funds. Both "existing home sales" and "pre-sale system" should be allowed.

　　Q: For consumers who buy faster houses, what aspects of system construction need to be improved to reduce the risk of buying houses?

　　A: There is not much problem with the pre-sale system itself. The problem lies in the management and use of the pre-sale housing funds. There are unfinished buildings in the pre-sale houses, which are all problems with supervision. At present, the pre-sale of houses is supervised by a third-party organization, but some supervision is weak, and the housing enterprises have moved the pre-sale to other places; Others are too dead, so that the project construction does not use the advance payment. Both tendencies will make it difficult to "guarantee the delivery of the building" I think a more reasonable way is for the group of property buyers to conduct second-party supervision. Property buyers have a direct interest in the timely delivery of houses, which can avoid illegal misappropriation of funds by real estate enterprises.

　　Six questions: Will reducing the down payment ratio lead to financial risks?

　　"It is reasonable to make a down payment of around 20%"

　　Q: Ni Hong, Minister of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, stressed at the enterprise symposium held at the end of July that policies and measures such as reducing the down payment ratio and loan interest rate for purchasing the first home should be further implemented. If the total house price remains unchanged, will lowering the down payment ratio lead to financial risks?

　　A: When the housing mortgage loan was designed in that year, the down payment ratio matched the bank risk. However, in the later real estate regulation and control, mortgage loan, a financial lever convenient for ordinary families to buy houses, became a means to regulate the purchasing power of the property market, which deviated from the origin of this loan to some extent. The normal proportion of down payment for housing mortgage loan is 20%. The down payment ratio should follow the principle of matching with the bank risk. If the down payment is too low, the bank risk will increase. However, if the down payment is set too high, it will increase the pressure on residents and make it difficult to help ordinary families buy houses.

　　How to protect the housing rights and interests of people who have bought houses and low-income groups?

　　To promote the stability and health of the real estate market, it is necessary to boost the confidence of new home buyers. The adjustment of the interest rate of existing houses and the housing rights and interests of low-income groups have also attracted much attention.

　　Question 7: When and how much will the interest rate of the stock house be lowered?

　　"It should be adjusted to the current level required by the central bank"

　　Q: On July 14th, Zou Lan, director of the Monetary Policy Department of the Central Bank, said that he supported and encouraged commercial banks to negotiate with borrowers to change their contractual agreements independently, or to issue new loans to replace existing loans. On August 1, the central bank made another statement at the working meeting in the second half of 2023: guiding commercial banks to adjust the interest rate of existing individual housing loans in an orderly manner according to law. Should the central bank issue a mandatory document to reduce the interest rate of stock houses?

　　A: According to the central bank’s policy, there are only two ways to lower the interest rate of the stock house, either the two parties directly modify the contract or reissue the loan to replace the original loan. In fact, the essence of these two practices is the same. It is the simplest to modify the contract directly, and there is no problem of violating the contract. In the past, the adjustment of the interest rate of stock loan banks was synchronized in accordance with the provisions of the central bank. It is enough for the central bank to encourage and support commercial banks to reduce interest rates on existing mortgages, and banks will have to accept market-oriented choices in the future.

　　Q: If the interest rate of stock houses is lowered, how much is appropriate?

　　A: I personally think that the interest rate should be lowered according to the current regulations. No matter what the loan interest rate was in the past, it should be lowered to be consistent with the interest rate stipulated by the central bank.

　　Eight questions: Why is the new round of urban village reconstruction concentrated in mega-cities

　　"The population gathering and the shortage of affordable housing are more prominent."

　　Q: In the past three months, the transformation of villages in cities has been mentioned by the central authorities many times. Why is the new round of reconstruction of villages in cities concentrated in mega-cities and mega-cities?

　　A: The transformation of villages in cities is actually a special business in the transformation of old cities. The reason why we should concentrate on mega-cities is because there is a general shortage of houses in those cities, especially the demand for affordable housing is in short supply. For example, in Shenzhen, many migrant workers rent in low-cost villages in the city, and the government is trying to increase the construction of affordable housing, but the relationship between supply and demand is still tense. In third-and fourth-tier cities, this contradiction between supply and demand is not so obvious.

　　Q: Will this round of urban village reconstruction boost housing prices? Will it give birth to "get rich overnight"?

　　A: There is no need to confuse the real intention of shed reform and urban village reform. These two policies are not necessarily related to pushing up housing prices. The change of the real estate market is not a linear transmission, and it will not directly promote the rise of housing prices because of shed reform and village-in-city transformation.

　　The vast majority of people who still live in villages in cities are farmers with poor economic conditions. The valuable land was originally owned by the villagers, but it was the transformation of the village in the city that released the wealth value. The so-called "phenomenon of getting rich" is extremely individual, and most of them just improve their living conditions. Improving farmers’ living standards and narrowing the income gap between urban and rural areas are the goals we should pursue.

　　How to draw the blueprint of "Home Ownership"?

　　So far, many cities have gradually relaxed all kinds of purchase restriction measures, but many first-and second-tier cities have not adjusted their purchase restriction and loan restriction policies. How to let buyers get the "admission ticket" to enter the property market and how to ensure the realization of the blueprint of "home ownership" are also problems that need to be solved to maintain the stability of the real estate market.

　　Nine questions: Why has "recognizing the house but not the loan" not yet landed in more cities?

　　"Some urban mortgages ‘ Recognizing the house and the loan ’ Unreasonable "

　　Q: Following the statement made by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development that individual housing loans are "housing but not loans", Zhengzhou issued a relevant notice on August 3, proposing 15 measures to stabilize the real estate market, and said that it would implement the policy of "housing but not loans" and suspend the implementation of the sales restriction policy. However, more first-and second-tier cities outside Zhengzhou have not yet implemented policies. Do you think there is resistance?

　　A: The competent authorities have sent a positive signal that there is no resistance from higher authorities for all localities, and the reason why the policy has not yet been implemented is mainly because the idea of restricting real estate development in the past is deeply rooted, and now the relaxation is afraid that the achievements of past restrictions will be "wasted." In fact, adjustment does not mean that the past policy was wrong, but it needs to be adjusted and optimized according to the new situation. It is unreasonable for some first-tier cities to "recognize housing and loan" and need to be adjusted.

　　Question 10: How to draw the blueprint of "Home Ownership Scheme"?

　　"Local governments play a leading role, and state-owned enterprises and central enterprises play a main role."

　　Q: China started the reform of urban housing system 25 years ago, but today, the central government still emphasizes the construction of affordable housing. What is the problem?

　　A: The design made by our housing reform research group 25 years ago is: "the market supplies commercial housing and the government provides low-rent housing", and it is proposed that affordable housing should cover 50% of urban families in China. From 2000 to 2007, the investment in the development of affordable housing in China only accounted for 3%-5% of the housing investment, which was obviously too little. Since 2011, China has promoted the transformation of shanty towns and provided 30 million sets of affordable housing. However, in terms of the total amount, the construction of affordable housing in China is insufficient, especially in big cities, where the contradiction between supply and demand is prominent.

　　Q: How can we better achieve the goal of "home ownership"?

　　A: I suggest that local governments play a leading role in the construction of affordable housing, and state-owned enterprises and central enterprises play a main role. First of all, the land for the construction of affordable housing cannot be charged with land transfer fees, and only basic taxes and fees can be charged. At the same time, state-owned enterprises and central enterprises should withdraw from the competitive real estate field and return to the construction of affordable housing. People can’t just focus on commercial housing when solving housing problems, and low-income groups can enjoy affordable housing. Chengdu Business Daily-Red Star Journalist Yang Yuqi

　　Overseas Network May 15th According to the Associated Press, the Israeli military said on Tuesday (15th) local time that in response to the large-scale protests by Palestinians at the border between Gaza and Israel, Israeli warplanes launched air strikes on the military camp in Hamas (Islamic Resistance Movement, Palestine), attacking 11 military targets. In addition, the Israeli army also dispatched tanks to attack two Hamas strongholds in Gaza.

　　According to reports, according to the Israeli military, Palestinian protesters used 10 explosive devices and incendiary bombs against the Israeli army and opened fire on Israeli soldiers at the border. According to Israel, many protesters tried to cross the border into Israel, but there was no gap in the border fence.

　　According to reports, on 14th local time, the opening ceremony of the US Embassy in Israel was held. On that day, a large-scale protest broke out between the Palestinian people and Israel in the Gaza Strip, and there was a clash with the Israeli army. A total of 58 Palestinians were killed and more than 2,700 others were injured. The Palestinian side will bury 58 victims on Tuesday (15th local time).

　　Health officials in the Gaza reported that the number of Palestinian victims rose to 58 during the protest on the 14th, among which 57 were killed by the Israeli military and one baby died of inhaling tear gas.

　　Khaled Batch, the organizer of the Palestinian protest, said that the 15th would be the funeral day, and there was no plan for the parade. It is reported that May 15th was called "Disaster Day" by Palestinians. On May 15th, 1948, the first Middle East war broke out between Arab countries and Israel, and nearly one million Palestinians were displaced and became refugees. Later, the Palestinians designated this day as a national "disaster day".

　　In response to the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, China Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Lu Kang said at a regular press conference on 15th that China was seriously concerned about the large number of casualties caused by violent clashes in Gaza’s border areas, opposed violence against civilians, and called on both sides, especially Israel, to exercise restraint and avoid further tension escalation.

　　Lu Kang said that the issue of Jerusalem’s status and ownership is highly complex and sensitive, and it is one of the core issues in the Palestinian-Israeli dispute, involving national and religious feelings. China has always believed that the Palestinian-Israeli peace talks should be resumed as soon as possible in accordance with relevant United Nations resolutions, and the final status of Jerusalem should be resolved through dialogue.

　　Lu Kang emphasized that China has always firmly supported the just cause of the Palestinian people to restore their legitimate national rights, and supported the establishment of an independent Palestinian state with complete sovereignty based on the 1967 borders and East Jerusalem as its capital through Palestinian-Israeli negotiations on the basis of the "two-state plan". China is willing to work with relevant parties in the international community to make efforts to promote the final and proper settlement of the Palestinian issue. (Compile/Overseas Network Jiang Shu Translation)

　　Most of Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, southern Anhui, southern Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangdong and Guangxi in southern China are mainly subtropical monsoon climate zones, with relatively warm winters, but there have been extremely cold periods in history and even suffered from heavy snow and freezing disasters. The Ming and Qing Dynasties were a cold period in the history of China, and the disaster of heavy snow and freezing in the southern region was very serious.

　　First, since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, heavy snow and freezing disasters in South China

　　The Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau was very cold from the middle of the seventeenth century to the beginning of the eighteenth century. In the ninth year of Shunzhi, the heavy snow in Guizhou lasted for 40 days. In the fifty-first year of Kangxi, Luoping County was frozen with the moon as big as a column. The cold period from the middle of 18th century to the end of 19th century in Sichuan and Chongqing was not only cold, but also lasted for a long time. During the Ganjia period, there was often heavy snow in Sichuan basin in winter, and the phenomenon of excess snow was very common. For example, in the forty-eight years of Qianlong, heavy snow fell in Sichuan Province, with a thickness of two feet in many places. In the fourteenth year of Jiaqing, there were three heavy snows, the temperature was low, the indoor cups and plates were often frozen, and the ice in the water bowl was three inches thick. The low temperature disaster during Guangxu period was even more obvious. For example, in the seventeenth year of Guangxu, the heavy snow in Shifang County condensed into ice strips and ice cubes, which were extremely hard. The oil tanks and vegetables in the house were as cold as glue paint seals, and they could only be opened when they were used by fire. In the winter of the eighteenth year of Guangxu, there was a severe cold in Shuangliu County, and the ice was more than a foot thick. It snowed heavily for several days in Nanchuan county, followed by freezing for more than ten days. In the winter of the 19th year of Guangxu, the river in Wanyuan County was frozen, making it possible to walk on it. According to relevant historical records, such as "the ice is more than a foot thick", "the ice is hard for several days", "the river ice can cross" and "the ice is several feet thick", it can be seen that the climate in Sichuan Basin and surrounding mountainous areas was obviously colder than now.

　　Hubei area is more obviously affected by the cold air in the north due to location factors, and it is prone to freezing disasters. For example, in the ten years of Shunzhi, Hanyang County suffered from severe cold, and the lakes were frozen and could walk. Twenty-nine years of Kangxi, bamboo? The snow in the county is five or six feet deep, and the river is frozen into a beam. In the winter of the 30th year of Kangxi, it was very cold in Fangxian County, the river froze, and many people and animals froze to death. In the winter of Daoguang twenty-one years, the snow in Xianning County was several feet flat and the ice was as hard as stone. In the winter of the eleventh year of Xianfeng, the snow in Daye County was five feet deep, and the lake ice was thick enough for people to pass. The snow in Pu Yin County is five or six feet deep, and lakes and rivers are all frozen. The snow in Xianning County is four or five feet deep, and many pedestrians are frozen to death. In the first month of the fourth year of Tongzhi, there was heavy snow in Yunyang and the Hanshui River froze. In the winter of Guangxu three years, Xiangyang River was frozen, and ice was everywhere. The river ice in Yicheng county is several inches thick, and the ferryman walks on the ice. In thirteen years, the snow accumulated six feet deep, and the Fuhe River Ivylinna Lee was several feet deep, so vessels of all sizes could not travel, and there was an endless stream of horses and chariots on the river.

　　There were mainly two cold periods in the Qing Dynasty in Hunan, the first was from the early Qing Dynasty to the end of Kangxi, and the second was from Jiaqing to Guangxu. For example, in the ninth year of Kangxi, there was heavy snow in Youxian County, and the river was frozen, so people could cross it. There are several feet of snow in winter in Ningxiang county, and the river can cross. It snows heavily in winter in Xiangxiang County, and the river is frozen and frozen. The snow in Hengshan county is several feet deep, and the river is frozen, which is more than feet thick. It snowed heavily for 60 days in Leiyang county, and everyone on the river crossed the ice. In the twenty-ninth year of Kangxi, the snow accumulated in Yuezhou Prefecture for more than ten days, and the lake was frozen, so people could walk across the river. Hengyang county ice, more than 40 days. The heavy snow in Chenzhou, with several feet of ice thickness, was released in February of the following year. In the fifty-second year of Kangxi, there was a big ice and a frozen river in Changsha County. It is feasible to freeze the rivers in Shanhua County. After twenty-five years of Qianlong, the pond was frozen. In the eleventh year of Xianfeng, the snow in Pingjiang was three feet deep, and the river was frozen to cross. In the first year of Tongzhi, the snow in Wugang was more than two feet deep and the ice was three inches thick. The pond was feasible, and it was difficult to understand for more than ten days. In the twenty-second year of Daoguang, there was heavy snow in Shaoyang, and the ground accumulated two or three feet. The ice was firm and feasible. In Guangxu three years, Leiyang was frozen for more than half a month, and pedestrians suffered.

　　There were also two particularly cold periods in Jiangxi in the Qing Dynasty. The first period was the Kanggan period, and the second period was the late years of Xianfeng and the early years of Tongzhi. For example, in the ninth year of Kangxi, there were dozens of days of heavy snow in Hukou County, and Meijiazhou in Pengli Lake was frozen and could pass people; It is snowing heavily in Xingzi County, and the river is frozen. The heavy snow in Linchuan county has accumulated for more than forty days, and the river ice can be crossed. In the eleventh year of Xianfeng, Wuning County was snowed for three days, with a depth of five or six feet, and it began to disappear at the end of the month. The rivers and wine jars were all frozen, and the water tanks were broken, so that residents had no water to draw, and they lived by melting snow for water. De ‘an County has been snowing for several days, and the Wushimen River is frozen very thick, so it can drive. It is snowing heavily in Poyang County, and the river is frozen, which is several feet strong and can be driven. The snow in Wannian County is four or five feet deep. Anyone with water in the appliance is known as water crack, and the ice in the pond is full of feet, which is feasible. In the first year of Tongzhi, the hard ice in Jinxian County was six or seven inches thick, and the Yangtze River could pass through chariots and horses, that is, the turbulence was frozen. In Anyi County, the snow fell in the first month of spring, and the rivers closed, pedestrians and camphor trees withered. The first month of yugan county is freezing, and the river ice is thick enough to cross the chariots and horses. The river in Anren County is full of ice, and people go up from the ice. It will be fine for ten days. It snowed heavily in the first month of spring in Wanzai County, dripping into ice.

　　Jiangsu and Anhui provinces are roughly divided into three cold periods, namely, the period of ShunKang Yong Gan, the early years of Tongzhi in the last years of Xianfeng and the middle period of Guangxu. For example, in the tenth year of Shunzhi, Tongcheng was snowed for more than ten days, and the trees were frozen, and the moon was puzzled. When it was snowing heavily, the ice was several feet thick, and the eaves hung on the ground, and many trees froze to death. In the winter of the eleventh year of Shunzhi, the ice of Dongtai River was more than feet thick, and people walked on the ice. Wujiang is cold in winter, and the ice in Taihu Lake is two feet thick. Songjiang prefecture, Lingdian frozen for several days, walking on the ice. In the ninth year of Kangxi, there was heavy snow in Wangjiang. The city was several feet deep, and the frozen ice in lakes and marshes was about six feet. The Huaihe River froze in Xuyi, and the horses and chariots traveled on the ice, and the solution began in February of the following year. In the winter of the twenty-ninth year of Kangxi, Shucheng and Wuwei were extremely cold, and the river ice was several feet. Wuxian county is cold and snowy, and the river is frozen and cut off. In the twenty-third year of Qianlong, Taihu Lake froze for more than a month. In the eleventh year of Xianfeng, there was heavy snow in winter, and the ice was thick enough to pass people. The snow in Guichi is seven or eight feet deep, and the river turns into ice. There is heavy snow in Wuxian county, and the flat land is four or five feet. The ice in Taihu Lake is half a month. In the eighteenth year of Guangxu, Wusongjiang, Qingpu County, was frozen for ten days. The river port in Jiading County is frozen and pedestrians can walk on the river. In the 19th year of Guangxu, there was heavy snow in Wuxian, and Taihu Lake was frozen to a thickness of feet. Although Lux vertebral chisel could not sail.

　　During this period, the climate in Zhejiang was also very cold, especially in the early Qing Dynasty and the late Qing Dynasty. For example, in the eleventh year of Shunzhi, Cixi County was cold in winter, and the river was icy, and the boat could not pass through the moon. In the fourth year of Kangxi, the winter in Huzhou was very cold, and the ice in Taihu Lake was blocked. In the twenty-second year of Kangxi, Taihu Lake in Huzhou was frozen for more than a month, and people could walk on ice. In the twenty-eighth year of Kangxi, it was snowed in Anxian County, and the river was frozen and the boat was blocked for decades. In the twenty-seventh year of Qianlong, the winter in Jiashan County was very cold, which was unprecedented in more than sixty years. After 60 years of Qianlong, the snow in Wucheng County was ten feet deep, Taihu Lake was frozen, and people walked on the ice until the Lantern Festival the following year. In the winter of the seventeenth year of Guangxu, there was a great cold in Changhua County, and the river was ice-accumulated, which was several feet strong and could be used for walking. The snow in Taiping county is more than feet deep, coughing and spitting into ice, and the river is frozen and can’t sail. The snow in Haining is extremely cold, the river ice can be worn, and those who can’t get through the boat are tired. In the eighteenth year of Guangxu, all the rivers in Yuyao, Zhejiang were frozen. Heavy snow in Taiping County, coughing into ice, frozen rivers, unable to sail.

　　Studies have shown that Guangdong and Guangxi were equally cold in the Qing Dynasty, with the first low temperature period from the seventh year of Shunzhi to the eleventh year of Qianlong (1650-1750) and the second low temperature period from the ninth year of Daoguang to the second year of Xuantong (1830-1910), with the peaks of the two low temperature periods in the twenty-ninth year of Kangxi and the eighteenth year of Guangxu. For example, in the eighteenth year of Guangxu, the snow in Luchuan, Guangxi was two feet thick, the snow in Qinzhou was like cotton, the snow in Tai Po, Guangdong was three or four inches thick, and the waterfall in the mountain stream was frozen.

　　Since the beginning of the first half of the 20th century, the climate in southern China has become warmer, which is reflected in the relative warmth in the first 50 years. From the 1940s and 1950s, there was a brief cold period, which reached its peak in 1955. In the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, there was an extreme low temperature of about minus 14 degrees Celsius, and both Dongting Lake and Hanshui River were frozen, while Taihu Lake was partially frozen, and the absolute lowest temperature below zero was also recorded in Guangdong and Guangxi.

　　Generally speaking, the winter low temperature disaster in southern China is very serious in the past 300 years. During the cold period, not only the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River generally have a long period of heavy snow, but also the land is seriously frozen, and most rivers and lakes are frozen. Many rivers and lakes have ice thickness that can pass pedestrians and cars. Not only do people cough and spit into ice in the wild, but also water bowls and wine jars at home freeze, some of which are as thick as three inches. This low temperature freezing situation is unprecedented in the past 100 years. The degree of low-temperature freezing disaster in Sichuan and Chongqing in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River is relatively weak, but some rivers in the northern part of the basin also appear freezing phenomenon, and Mianyang even turns boiling water into ice in an instant, which is more serious than this year’s low-temperature freezing disaster. In the high-altitude Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau area, sometimes it snows for as long as 40 days, and the bowl in Kunming freezes, and the degree of low temperature is also higher than that in modern times.

　　According to the 500-year temperature fluctuation map south of Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains of China, there are four cold periods from the mid-15th century to the 1970s, the mid-17th century, the mid-18th century and the late 19th century, and the cold period generally fluctuates between 100 and 150 years. In the past 300 years, 50 or 60 years in the early Qing Dynasty and 50 years in the late Qing Dynasty were the coldest periods. The extreme peak years of the former period were in the ninth year of Kangxi (in 1670, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Lingnan) and in the 29th year of Kangxi (in 1690, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Lingnan), while the peak years of the latter period were in the 17th to 19th years of Guangxu (in 1891-1893, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Lingnan). At the same time, there are relatively extreme low temperature periods of about 50 years in this hundred-year cycle, such as the 26th year of Qianlong (in 1761, in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River), 14th year of Jiaqing (in 1809, in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River), 11th year of Xianfeng and 1st year of Tongzhi (in 1861 and 1862, in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River) and 1955 (in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Lingnan). Generally speaking, the low temperature degree of the heavy snow and freezing disaster in China this year is not as severe as the two heavy snow and freezing disasters in Kangxi and Guangxu years, nor as severe as the low temperature degree in 1955, but the scope of the disaster is rare. As far as the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and Lingnan areas are concerned, it is at least a once-in-50-year heavy snow and freezing disaster, and it can be described as a once-in-a-century winter low temperature and freezing disaster for the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.

　　Second, the impact of heavy snow and freezing disasters

　　Due to different social and economic backgrounds, the impact of low temperature and freezing disasters in different periods is also very different.

　　(1) In the traditional era, the socio-economic operation of urban and rural areas was mainly maintained by natural renewable fuels. In the Qing Dynasty, most urban and rural areas in southern China mainly relied on nearby biofuel firewood for heating and lighting, and transportation and communication were also mainly transmitted by people. The natural attributes of life and production were obvious, so the impact of low temperature disasters on the basic survival and production of urban and rural areas was limited. From the traditional era, the low-temperature freezing disaster in the south usually causes "people and animals freeze to death", "fish and turtles freeze to death", "fruit trees wither", "trees are completely broken", "houses are crushed" and "boats are blocked", etc., but it is not easy to make urban and rural areas completely paralyzed. Modern industrial civilization is based on non-renewable and non-biological fuels, and this foundation is often realized by great transportation and transshipment; At the same time, modern fuel-powered transportation has higher requirements for roads, while people and information flow more frequently in modern society, and basic survival has higher requirements for transportation and fuel power. Therefore, once the traffic is blocked, the fuel can’t be transported through the big traffic, and the power is interrupted, the modern industrial civilized society will be completely paralyzed, and the disaster caused to the society will be more obvious.

　　(2) In the Qing Dynasty, the population density in southern China was not as high as that in modern times, and the intensity and scope of economic development were not as good as now, so the impact of low temperature and extreme climate on production and life was objectively limited. Especially in many areas of southern China in the Qing Dynasty, the scale of agricultural production in winter was very limited, and many lands were left fallow. However, with the economic development in southern China, the scale and scope of industrial economy have been greatly expanded, the urban population has soared, modern industrial civilization has been further deepened, and the multi-cropping system of field crops has been popularized, especially the development of a large number of greenhouse planting industries. The impact of low-temperature freezing disasters on urban and rural production and life is much more obvious than that of the Qing Dynasty.

　　Of course, we should also see that in the face of low-temperature and freezing disasters in ancient times, although the scale and degree of the disaster may be small objectively, it is precisely because of the constraints of transportation and communication that people often can’t know the situation in the disaster area in time and can’t carry out disaster relief and mitigation in time, so it often has a great impact on people’s livelihood.

　　It should be pointed out that the modern industrial economy in the south of China has only a history of more than one hundred years, but it only took shape in the last fifty years. In history, this large-scale extremely cold and frozen climate in the south is often a time scale period of one hundred to fifty years, so strictly speaking, the modern industrial civilization in the south of China has not experienced the test of this extremely low temperature and freezing disaster. Therefore, we not only lack the psychological and countermeasure preparation for this emergency, but also lack the construction requirements for preventing this kind of low-temperature freezing disaster, such as building roofs, power transmission, highway and railway transportation, which do not have the technical requirements for preventing extreme low-temperature freezing under high humidity. Therefore, it is necessary for us to strengthen the research on the prevention of extreme freezing weather in winter and establish corresponding preventive countermeasures in the urban and rural construction and social development in southern China. (Author: Institute of Historical Geography, Southwest University)

Editor: Li Erqing

　　BEIJING, Shennongjia, October 25 (Luo Yongbin, Peng Linpeng) On the night of October 24, adult giant pandas "Olympic Games" and "Yunyun" arrived safely in Shennongjia, Hubei Province. This is considered to be the return of giant pandas to Shennongjia after more than 100 years, marking a key step in public education and scientific research of giant pandas in Shennongjia.

　　At 11: 00 a.m. on the same day, two giant pandas, escorted by shennongjia national nature reserve and the staff of China Giant Panda Protection and Research Center, set off from Qingchengshan Base in Dujiangyan, flew to Yichang Airport in Hubei via Chengdu, and then arrived at their "new home" in Guanmenshan, shennongjia national nature reserve by land that night. Routine inspection of the entourage showed that the two giant pandas were in good health and stable mood after arriving at home, and soon began to taste new food — — Fargesia shennong.

　　The two giant pandas who returned to their hometown Shennongjia this time were born in 2008, in their prime of life, healthy and lively, and they are about to start a new life in Shennongjia.

　　In 2015, in order to enrich and expand the field of natural science research in Shennongjia, the Party Committee and Government of Shennongjia Forest Region drew up a plan to implement the national treasure panda public education project in shennongjia national nature reserve, which was supported by the State Forestry Administration.

　　In recent years, according to the procedures and requirements of the public education and scientific research project on giant pandas, Shennongjia Forest Area has organized many batches of experts to carry out a large number of investigations, studies and demonstrations, initiated and implemented administrative examination and approval, venue construction, food sources, technology and financial guarantee, and finally decided to implement the panda arrival plan in late October.

　　The China International Conference on the Protection of Giant Pandas held from 19th to 21st of this month clearly stated that giant pandas are the common property of human beings and are still in an endangered state. All parties will make joint efforts to carry out in-depth cooperation in in-situ conservation, ex-situ conservation and public education of giant pandas. The implementation of public education and scientific research on giant pandas in Shennongjia is of great significance to enhance the public’s awareness and cognition of panda protection, effectively improve the protection and research ability of rare wild animals in Shennongjia, and carry out research on the food source and living environment of giant pandas in Shennongjia.

　　Shennongjia is the first "Triple Crown" heritage site in China, and its biodiversity has been widely recognized all over the world.

　　In September this year, the China Giant Panda Protection Research Center organized experts to inspect Shennongjia. In the assessment, it was pointed out that the ecological characteristics of Shennongjia and Sichuan Wolong Nature Reserve were very similar, and the climate and temperature, bamboo source types and quantities, and forest canopy were all in line with the living environment of giant pandas. At the same time, Shennongjia forest region has strong strength and fruitful achievements in the field of golden monkey protection and research, which can provide strong scientific and technological support and personnel support for the protection and development of giant pandas in the future.

　　It is understood that the newly-built Shennongjia Giant Panda Pavilion covers an area of more than 7,000 square meters, with a construction area of more than 1,700 square meters. Its natural environment and supporting research facilities can effectively meet the comfort and safety standards of giant pandas, and also meet the conditions for public display and scientific research.

　　Historical data show that Shennongjia was once a paradise for giant pandas, and the indirect influence of natural environment changes and human activities led to the disappearance of giant pandas in this area. It is of great significance and great responsibility for Shennongjia to welcome back the giant panda and carry out public education and scientific research. In order to achieve this goal at an early date, shennongjia national nature reserve has made careful, meticulous and meticulous preparations in environmental conditions, daily management, staffing, food source supply, disease prevention and control, etc.

　　According to the personage of Shennongjia Nature Reserve, the "Olympic Games" and "Yunyun" have a long-distance transportation, and there is still a process of adaptation to the new environment. Shennongjia Nature Reserve will cooperate with the technicians of China Giant Panda Protection and Research Center, take care of them, and make them better adapt to their "new home" as soon as possible. After quarantine, they will be visited by friendly humans.

When it comes to inflation, the financial crisis may be the first thing that comes to mind. Many major financial crises in history were caused by excessive inflation, and many of them were caused by war. For example, the "inflation" recorded in history textbooks during the Republic of China-the government of the Republic of China issued a large number of French currency notes to pay for the huge war expenses. In 1947, 100,000 yuan of French currency notes were issued, and the price was like a runaway horse. At that time, a professor’s salary was more than 10 million yuan, but it was not enough to buy five loaves of flour.

War consumes not only life, but also money. As early as the Northern Song Dynasty, Cai Jing, the financial minister, made a great deal of money in order to attack Xixia, and his means was to issue "pawn money".

Minister of the Northern Song Dynasty, the successor of Xining Reform

Cai Jing was a powerful minister at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, and Song Huizong was the prime minister for five times, which experienced the whole process of the Northern Song Dynasty’s demise. Cai Jing is also a notorious treacherous court official in the history of China, and his life is recorded in the Biography of Treacherous Court Officials in Song Dynasty.

Cai Jing’s official career is full of ups and downs, and his official career cannot be separated from one person-Wang Anshi. In the second year of Xining in Song Shenzong (AD 1069), Wang Anshi began to carry out political reform, which was called Xining Political Reform in history. The aim of Wang Anshi’s political reform was to enrich Qiang Bing, which was soon realized, and the court obtained enough military materials and troops. Cai Jing’s younger brother Cai Bian is Wang Anshi’s son-in-law. During the reign of Xining, recommended by Wang Anshi, Cai Jing entered the book ceremony room to study official business. Thanks to Wang Anshi’s support, Cai Jing’s official career prospered and soared all the way. Soon, the official arrived at Zhongshu Sheren, Longtuge, and the right to know Kaifeng.

In the fourth year of Yuanfeng (AD 1081), Song Shenzong launched a large-scale war against Xixia, and Song Jun suffered a crushing defeat. Song Shenzong’s dream of making great achievements in the world was shattered, and he soon died of depression.

In the eighth year of Yuanfeng (AD 1085), Song Shenzong died, Song Zhezong ascended the throne, and the power was in the hands of Song Shenzong’s mother, Gao. Sima Guang was appointed as the prime minister and started the reform movement of Yuanyou, completely denying Wang Anshi’s political reform.

Cai Jing, as a member of Xining Party, was banished from the imperial court and became an official at the local level during the period of Yuan Yougeng. After Song Huizong took office, Xi Ning Party members were employed. At this time, Wang Anshi had already passed away, and Cai Jing became the prime minister as the successor of Xi Ning’s political reform, thus restarting the great cause of political reform.

Ten dollars in business, money law is in chaos.

In the first year of Chongning (A.D. 1102), when Cai Jing was just appointed as the vice minister, he immediately ordered the new laws of the Song Shenzong period to be re-implemented. At this time, there was a Xining Party member named Xu Tianqi, who served as a transshipment agreement in Shaanxi at that time. In order to cater to Cai Jing, he asked the court to cast ten yuan. During Wang Anshi’s political reform, he used to cast a lot of money to fold two dollars. At this time, if you cast ten dollars, the nominal value will increase by five times compared with the discount of two dollars. The intention of infringing on the interests of the people is too obvious. Cai Jing has some concerns, so he temporarily cast five dollars and tried to see its effect. In May of the second year of Chongning (AD 1103), Cai Jing ordered Shaanxi, Jiangzhou, Chizhou, Raozhou and Jianzhou to use the copper materials that were prepared to cast small flat coins in those years to cast 50 yuan. The inscription "Sheng Song Tong Bao" with a discount of five yuan is slightly heavier than that of Xiao Ping Qian. The nominal value of 50% off is two and a half times that of 20% off. The trial was successful and there was no problem. Soon after, Cai Jing ordered the casting of ten yuan in accordance with Shaanxi’s big money shape, and limited the casting line to three hundred million articles of ten copper coins and two billion articles of ten iron coins in that year. Cai Jing did this because, first, he thought that the ten-fold money was cast on the basis that the five-fold money had entered the circulation, which was only twice as big as the five-fold money and would not cause a violent market reaction; Second, it is estimated that the total amount of coins in circulation at that time was about 200 billion to 300 billion, and the amount of ten yuan in the first line accounted for a small share of the total amount of coins in circulation, which would not have much impact on the purchasing power of money; Third, there is a precedent in Song Renzong’s period to consider the discount of 10 yuan, which can refer to the ancestral casting.

As early as the first year of Kangding, Song Renzong (AD 1040), Song Jun attacked Xixia, and Shaanxi was short of military supplies, so the imperial court was invited to cast large copper coins in parallel with small flat coins, and one copper coin was used as ten. Since then, ten iron coins have been made, which led to the theft of casting by the people, so the money law was in chaos. After frequent adjustments to the money law, the court gradually calmed down the chaos of the money law. Cai Jing used the shape of Shaanxi’s big money to cast it as ten money, in order to borrow the ancestral system and obtain the legitimacy of currency reform.

Discount five yuan for the inscription "Sheng Song Tong Bao" and ten yuan for the inscription "Chong Ning Chong Bao". From the unearthed cultural relics, the number of "Shengsong Tongbao" with a discount of five yuan is very small, because the casting line soon changed to "Chongning Chongbao" with a discount of ten yuan. At that time, more casting was "Chongning Heavy Treasure".

In the Northern Song Dynasty, the word "fold" was often used to express the amount of virtual money. During the period of Song Huizong, the pawn money was originally called "ten-fold money". In October of the second year of Chongning (AD 1103), Song Huizong ordered that "ten-fold money" be renamed as "ten-fold money". The end of the Chronicle of the Emperor and Song Dynasty as a Mirror contains: "The imperial edict is changed into two, and the ten is combined as two and ten." Lu You’s "Old Story of the Family" also contains: "At the beginning, Xi Ning cast two yuan, so Chongning Daquan began to be called’ 10′, but the group castrated that Huizong was the tenth son of Shenzong, and’ 10′ was not a good name, so it was called as 10, so it was ordered to cloud." It can be seen that Song Huizong should call the money "10% off" in the early years; After the imperial edict of Chongning for two years, the money should be called "pawn ten money". However, there are many confusions in the literature records.

After the imperial court minted ten yuan, the people stole it and the money law was in chaos. In order to prohibit the people from stealing castings, the court issued several bans. However, the lure of huge profits still makes the phenomenon of casting theft very serious, and many people do not hesitate to try their own laws. In the fourth year of Chongning (A.D. 1105), Shangshu said: "I heard that the southeast roads were stolen and cast as ten dollars, and the boat was cast in the rivers and seas. When I was an official, I didn’t care about my heart, and I indulged in evil." People steal ten coins, melt small money into copper, and cast it into big money, so they can get several times of profits. In order to avoid the arrest of the government, this illegal activity has developed to ships on rivers and seas.

Fang La Uprising, United with Jin and destroyed Liao, finally became a swan song.

A small sum of money has helped the people for a long time, and the ancient people have prospered the army, but the tin reward has not continued, or one is a hundred, or one is a thousand. This right is appropriate at the right time. How can it be done on a peaceful day? When ten drums are cast, there are several times of interest. Although it is cut every day, it is unstoppable.

In the third year of Daguan (A.D. 1109), Taiwan remonstrators spoke in succession about Cai Jing’s sins. Therefore, Cai Jing lost his post as prime minister for the second time and presided over the compilation of A Record of Zhe Zong. However, three years later, Cai Jing was in power again.

In May of the second year of Zhenghe (AD 1112), Cai Jing was appointed as Prime Minister for the third time. Unexpectedly, in November of the following year, He Zhizhong became the left servant of Shangshu, and also served as the assistant minister and became the prime minister. Song Huizong made Cai Jing a prince, a surname, and a duke of Lu. Cai Jing lost his post as prime minister for the third time.

In April of the sixth year of Zhenghe (AD 1116), He Zhizhong became an official. Lin Lingsu, a Taoist priest, told Song Huizong that Song Huizong was the eldest son of God, the king of God’s clouds and jade, and came down to be emperor. Cai Jing, an immortal of Zuo Yuan, came down to assist Song Huizong in governing the world. Song Huizong was convinced of this, claiming to be the "leader of Daojun Emperor" and ordering Cai Jing to take charge of the affairs of Zhongshu, Menxia and Shangshu provinces.

This is Cai Jing’s fourth term as prime minister. In June of the second year of Xuanhe (AD 1120), Cai Jing was removed from the post of prime minister for the fourth time.

At this point, Cai Jing is seventy-four years old. Cai Jing was removed from the post of Prime Minister this time, nominally because of his old age, but actually because of his opposition to the Northern Expedition of Liao. The person who succeeded the post of prime minister, whose name was Wang Fu, was a troublemaker. Wang Fu served as prime minister for four years, and the Northern Song Dynasty was constantly in trouble. First, Fang La uprising, and then United Jin to destroy Liao.

Although Cai Jing has resigned, his policy of collecting money has gradually produced serious consequences. According to Cai Jing’s policy of accumulating wealth, officials at all levels plundered the people’s wealth, and the people couldn’t live any longer, raising flags in succession to rebel.

Fang La raised his arms and responded everywhere, and many private tea dealers and salt dealers defected to Fang La. Within a few days, the rebel army grew to one hundred thousand people. With troops, Fang La began to attack the city, and the insurgents were invincible, robbing rich rooms and killing officials everywhere. In December, the rebels occupied Muzhou (now Chun ‘an County, Zhejiang Province) and Shezhou (now Shexian County, Anhui Province), and conquered Hangzhou, the southeast town of the Northern Song Dynasty. At this point, the number of the uprising people is close to one million, and the four sides are shocked.

In order to whitewash the peace, Prime Minister Wang Fu concealed the truth. In the imperial history, Chen Guoting believed that Wang Nai’s concealment of military intelligence was the main reason for the spread of the uprising. In his recital to Song Huizong, he said: "To Cai Jing, the man who was the coach, and Wang Fu, the man who raised the coach, if these two men are taken down for questioning, then the coach will be even."

When Song Huizong heard the news, he immediately wrote a letter to himself, ordered the abolition of Hua Shigang, cancelled the artificial bureau, exempted the public and private debts in the uprising area, and refused to accept land tax for three years.

The Fang La Uprising was brutally suppressed, and the court spent a lot of money. The financial situation of the Northern Song Dynasty was even more tense, and the life of the people was even more difficult.

In the first year of Zhenghe (AD 1111), Tong Guan went to Liao. There was a Han official named Ma Zhi in Liao country who was dissatisfied with Liao dynasty. When Ma Zhi met Tong Guan, he presented Tong Guan with the plan of uniting the gold to destroy Liao. In the fifth year of Zhenghe (AD 1115), Ma Zhi fled to the Song Dynasty, met Song Huizong, and once again put forward the idea of uniting Jin to destroy Liao.

At this time, the state of Jin became stronger and stronger, while the state of Liao gradually declined. Liao country is no longer a concern, but Jin country has become the main threat of Song Dynasty. Therefore, many scholars in the Northern Song Dynasty opposed the alliance of Jin and Liao. However, sixteen prefectures was in the hands of Liao State, which made the northern border of Song Dynasty have no danger to defend. Recovering sixteen prefectures is the greatest wish of the Song Dynasty for a long time. At this time, the decline of Liao’s national strength seemed to be the best time for the Northern Song Dynasty to recover sixteen prefectures. Faced with such a huge temptation, Song Huizong couldn’t resist, and finally accepted Ma Zhi’s idea of destroying Liao with gold, and gave Ma Zhi the royal Zhao surname. Ma Zhi was renamed Zhao Liangsi.

In the first month of the fifth year of Zhenghe (AD 1115), Akuta proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of Daikin. In September, Jin Jun captured Huanglongfu (now Nong ‘an County, Jilin Province), a military town in Liao, and Emperor Tianzuo of Liao led 700,000 troops to counterattack Huanglongfu. As a result, the Liao army was defeated.

In March of the second year of Xuanhe (A.D. 1120), Zhao Liangsi met Akuta from Dengzhou (now Penglai City, Shandong Province), and the two sides reached an agreement: Jin Jun attacked Liaozhongjing (now Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region), and Song Jun attacked Liaoning Nanjing, also known as Yanjing (now Beijing); After Song Jun captured Yanjing, Yanjing and the prefectures under its control belonged to the Song Dynasty, which transferred 500,000 pieces of silver silk originally given to the Liao Dynasty to the rulers. This agreement is known in history as "Song, Jin, Xuan and Maritime Alliance". With the Covenant, 8 Jin Army began to attack Liao without any worries, while Song Jun was transferred to suppress the Fang La uprising.

In the first month of the fourth year of Xuanhe (AD 1122), 8 Jin Army broke through Liaozhongjing; In March, the Jin army attacked western Liaoning. At this point, Liao Wujing has lost four, and only Yanjing exists. Emperor Tianzuo of Liao fled to Jiashan (now Wuchuan County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region), and Jin Jun concentrated his forces on pursuit, so he had no time to take care of Yanjing. At this point, Tong Guan has wiped out the Fang La uprising. Therefore, Song Huizong appointed Tong Guan as the Xuanfu envoy of Hebei and Hedong, and Cai You, the eldest son of Cai Jing, as the deputy envoy, and became the general commander of Zhongshi Daodu, leading an army of 150,000, attacking Yanjing and launching the Battle of Yanshan.

The national strength was weak, the Chaogang was corrupted, and the war broke out again, and another eunuch of Song Huizong, Li Yan, caused a great disaster to Song Huizong. Li Yan checked the fields in the northwest, confiscated more than 34,300 hectares of land of the people, and killed more than 1,000 people with sticks, resulting in countless bankrupts. As a result, people in JD.COM and Hebei rebelled, making it more difficult for the court to stabilize the situation.

Cai Jing has lost his position as prime minister because of his opposition to uniting Jin to destroy Liao. There was a covenant between Song and Liao, which lasted for a hundred years. At this time, the war ends together, and the future was unpredictable. Cai You, the son, went to fight against Liao, and Cai Jing was sad and gave a poem to his son:

The lazy man is not free in body and mind, and the letter is sent with tears.

A hundred years of faith and oath should be deeply read, and the three-volt sign should be combined with less rest.

Seeing the standard like yesterday’s dream, I feel deeply worried.

It’s full of breeze in the clothing hall, and I’ll come back early and get drunk.

With the ups and downs of Cai Jing’s official career, the amount of pawn money in circulation is also increasing, and inflation is intensifying. The price of rice has risen to about 400 to 1,500 per stone, which is about three to five times higher than the price of 100 to 300 per stone in the early Northern Song Dynasty. The price of silk rose to about 2,000 Wen per horse, which was about twice as high as that of about 1,000 Wen per horse in the early Northern Song Dynasty. Serious inflation has made people’s lives increasingly difficult, and the voice of opposition to Cai Jing in the DPRK is growing. When the nomads from the army attacked Taiyuan and nearly forced the capital, and Song Huizong gave Song Qinzong a Zen position, Taixue invited the imperial court to kill Cai Jing to thank the world.

After Song Qinzong ascended the throne, he demoted Cai Jing once and then, and a few months later he demoted Cai Jing to Hainan Island for resettlement. However, Cai Jing failed to reach Hainan Island and fell ill and died halfway to Changsha. A few months after Cai Jing’s death, the nomads from the army invaded Kaifeng and took Song Huizong and Song Qinzong to the north. As a result, the Northern Song Dynasty perished, and the circulation of ten coins finally came to an end.

(This article is excerpted from "Taking Wealth from the People: Eight Great Ministers in the History of China")

By Shi Junzhi

Seize the wealth from the people

CITIC Publishing House published in September.

About the author: Shi Junzhi, Ph.D. in History from Beijing Normal University, J.D. from China Renmin University, Ph.D. in Economics from Tsinghua University, and a scholar in the history of monetary law in China. Researcher, Institute of Finance, China Academy of Social Sciences, General Manager of National Trust Company Limited.

He has held senior management positions in the International Business Department of China Bank Head Office, China Bank London Branch, China Merchants Bank Head Office, Orient Asset Management Company and Bohai Bank Head Office, and has 25 years of financial practice and management experience. He is the executive director of China Institute of International Finance, tutor and part-time professor for master students of Central University of Finance and Economics, tutor and part-time professor for master students of graduate department of China People’s Bank, tutor and part-time professor for master students of Hunan University Law School, and member of the editorial board of Translation of Financial Works of China Financial Publishing House.